The age discrimination in employment act free essay sample

Part 1625 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Chapter XIV is the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) specifies that it is unlawful for a covered employer to   discriminate in hiring or in any other way by giving preference because of age between individuals 40 and over. Essentially this act forbids firing, refusing to hire or to promote, or treating an individual differently because of age (Code). Some odd conclusions can be drawn from this peculiarly constructed sentence. The ADEA does not merely forbid giving a preference to an individual under the age of forty over another individual who is forty or over, it prohibits the use of age as a criterion for decision making at all; this includes decisions about two employees or prospective employees aged forty or more. We will write a custom essay sample on The age discrimination in employment act or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unlike earlier quota type systems that might be satisfied by having a named number or percentage of minority race members, the ADEA forbids choosing between two people both of whom are age forty or more. The ADEA applies to employers with twenty or more employees including federal, state, and local governments, unions, and employment agencies. The law does not protect all jobs. It does not normally apply to police forces and firepersons. The law does not protect elected officials, federal law enforcement officers, and air traffic controllers. Since it deals only with employees, the ADEA does not protect independent contractors. In certain cases jobs that demand by their nature a person of a particular age are not protected either: for example, a movie acting role that requires someone who can convincingly portray an eight-year-old (AARP). The ADEA forbids employers use of advertisements that mention age or that suggest that a particular age is preferable. Employers may not set up age requirements for trainees for job positions to avoid paying for training of someone who may retire within a short period of time. The protects employees or prospective employees who file a complaint asserting age discrimination; employers cannot take action against such people. Under most employment environments employers cannot force a covered employee to retire (AARP), however executives sixty-five years or older who will receive retirements benefits from the company of at least forty thousand dollars a year (Workplace Age). Interestingly, the ADEA lacks a specific prohibition against an employer asking potential employees what their age is, however such questions are subject to scrutiny to make certain the questions were asked for legal purposes instead of for reasons forbidden by the ADEA.

French Words Nouveau vs. Neuf

French Words Nouveau vs. Neuf English speakers sometimes find it difficult to translate new into French, due to confusion over the French words nouveau and neuf. In fact, the French adjectives have distinctly different meanings; the problem is actually caused by the fact that the English new has more than one meaning. Fortunately, this is an easy problem to remedy. Read over this lesson, learn the difference between nouveau and neuf, and you wont have any more trouble saying new in French. Nouveau Nouveau means new in the sense of new to the owner - a change or improvement; that is, something that is new because its different than what came before, regardless of whether it is brand new from the store. The opposite of nouveau is ancien (former).As-tu vu ma nouvelle voiture ?Have you seen my new car?(The car is not necessarily new out of the factory; new here means new to the speaker.)Il a mis une nouvelle chemise.He put a new shirt on.(He took off the shirt he was wearing and put a different one on in its place. The new shirt may or may not be new from the store; the important thing here is that it is different.)Cest nouveau.Its new.(I just bought/found/made it.)Nous avons un nouvel appartement.We have a new apartment.(We just moved.)Jai vu le nouveau pont.I saw the new bridge.(The replacement for the one that got washed out.) Nouveau precedes the noun it modifies and changes to agree in gender and number with it.nouveau - nouvelle - nouveaux - nouvellesNouveau has a special form for masculine nouns that begin with a vowel: nouvel. Note that une nouvelle is a piece of news and les nouvelles refer to the news in general. Neuf Neuf means new in the sense of brand new, fresh out of the factory, first of its kind. The opposite of neuf is vieux (old).Je nai jamais achetà © une voiture neuve.Ive never bought a new car.(I always buy used cars.)Il a achetà © une chemise neuve.He bought a new shirt.(He went to the store and bought a brand-new shirt.)Comme neuf.As good as new.(Its fixed, so now its just like new.)Nous avons un appartement neuf.We have a new apartment.(We live in a brand-new building.)Jai vu le Pont neuf.I saw the Pont neuf (in Paris).(Although this is the oldest bridge in Paris, at the time it was built and named, it was a brand-new bridge in a brand-new spot.) Neuf follows the noun it modifies and changes to agree in gender and number with it:neuf - neuve - neufs - neuves Remember that neuf is also the number nine:Jai neuf cousins - I have nine cousins. Nouveau vs Neuf In summary, nouveau means something has changed, while neuf indicates that something is newly-made. With this new knowledge, you shouldnt have any more trouble deciding whether to use neuf or nouveau.

Personal Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal Creativity - Essay Example The main difference is that innovation mostly involves improvement of an idea initially created by a different party while creativity involves one’s own idea. With respect to the current highly competitive and ever dynamic world creativity has become the greatest perquisite in solving the serious global macro economic problems in the four economic eras of agricultural, industrial, informational and innovational activities. Chapter 2 Description and Contextualization of the Event The event involved preparing our friends Mary's14th birthday scheduled for the coming weekend. We were six of us, me, 15 years of age, molly 14, Jane 14, Juliet 16, Meg 15, and Mary the birthday girl. Having initially prepared another friends birthday party two months ago and ended up to be a success, my friend Mary also requested me to prepare hers. The main idea here was to come up with an event, which will please all our friends and remain as long as forever in their minds. Most of Mary’s fri ends were her schoolmates and therefore, having the party at her home  would not have been possible for her  since her home was far away from school and so it would have been for most of her school friends to attend. According to the school rules, taking of alcohol, playing loud music and staying awake past midnight was prohibited and therefore, my presence was needed  in organizing the party especially when it came to keeping  all her schoolmate guests entertained despite the rules. The actual date was on a Friday but we had to push it to that Saturday when the students were free (Csikszentmihalyi, 2006). Mary had received 700 dollars grant from the parents to organize for the party and so we had to budget on that money to make it a success. The main venue was the music room, which was free that Saturday. That Friday morning, Meg and Juliet went shopping for decorations to decorate the music room while Mary and I went to one of our teachers, Mrs. Jones to check on the birth day cake’s progress. Mrs. Jones our music tutor had offered to bake a birthday cake for Mary for she was among her favorite students. We also sent reminders to our guests by dropping notes under their doors and texting others. It the evening we headed for the music room where we transferred all the music instruments to the store and rearranged the chairs for convenient intermingling among the students. We packed snacks in well-designed boxes bearing Mary’s birthday message we had previously ordered to be designed by the arts senior class. Among the snacks included biscuits, candies, crisps, nuts and a glass of juice. There were some voluntary entertainers from the music class so I planned their order of presentation in the party. The party was scheduled to start at 1600hrs and end at around 2200 hours. Among the distinguished invited guests was Mrs. Jones our music tutor and Mr. Johnson the patron for exceptional events in school. By Saturday lunchtime I had made sure the room was well decorate, chairs arranged and the birth day was already decorated and on the table. Chapter 3 Analysis and Evaluation Preparation Preparation with respect to my event involved collecting data, which justified that my concern for the success of Mary’s party (Benson & Proctor, 2003).The data collected was the amount of money we had, number of guests we had expected, the sitting capacity in the music room. I also had to consider the

The Nature of Conflict and Mediation at the Workplace Research Paper

The Nature of Conflict and Mediation at the Workplace - Research Paper Example Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this research examined the responses and narratives of employees of two different companies. The findings implied that since the nature of conflicts, the mediation strategies and conflict resolution plans employed by the two companies were different, hence the outcome in the form of job satisfaction level was also different. Although the research shed extensive light upon the issue related to workplace conflicts, there is the need for further research to take this study at a broader level where companies from different demographic locations and cultures are compared in order to get a better understanding of the concept of workplace conflict and conflict resolution. Introduction Conflict, mediation, and resolution are a necessary part of a successful journey in the life of an organization. Conflicts occur at every level in the workplace during achievement of organizational goals. Better resolved at the personal level, some conflicts get so big that a mediation strategy is required to resolve them. Before going into the niceties of the research paper, it is deemed important to define some important terms that will be used frequently in the coming pages. Masters and Albright (2002, p.14) define conflict as â€Å"a disagreement between two or more parties who are independent.† Conflict is something that almost every one of us has experienced to some extent at the workplace with a superior, a colleague, a subordinate, or a customer. We experience distress and sorrow over the dispute and this increases our workplace stress and finally creates disastrous impacts on our job satisfaction. Conflicts weigh heavily on the organization in terms of cost as well because engaging in a conflict and taking time out to create a conflict resolution plan, a mediation strategy, or arranging a third party mediator, demands resources and finances. Also, the time and energy that is spent resolving conflicts can be better used for fruitfu l projects and milestones. Thus, avoiding and resolving them if they occur becomes necessary if the company’s interests are kept in focus. If conflicts go unresolved, this increases dissatisfaction and the overall organizational culture is destroyed which is very likely to bring the bad name to the company. Resolution or no resolution affects not only the individual’s activities at the workplace but his personal life is also disturbed. Managing a conflict is an important task that occurs at three levels, according to Masters and Albright (2002, p.13). According to them, first of all, an individual must know how to deal with the conflict at the personal level like when he enters a conflict with a senior, a junior, a colleague, or a client. Second, he must be able to enable others in the organization to manage their personal conflicts. This is important because those conflicts will eventually come to you taking your extra time if they are not resolved in time by the peop le involved. Third, he must be able to work out an effective plan or strategy that should make sure that workplace conflicts are avoided and if occur then resolved in time. Conflicts at work â€Å"reflect systemic processes and patterns in how work gets done† (Masters & Albright, 2002, p.13) thus it is important to determine those patterns so that better conflict management is made possible.  Ã‚  

Information Managemen Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Information Managemen - Research Paper Example Managers in architectural companies can communicate with an iOS device. The MDM server utilizes a feature known as apple push for notification. The service provided by this device is lightweight and scalable hence connects with MDM to recover pending actions and questions. Managers using the notification services are able to use MDN servers to keep contact with the device that affects performance. Architectural companies can integrate, deploy, and secure iPhones in their system. There are features in iPhone 5 that ensure Microsoft exchange and accesses to corporate emails, calendar and contacts. iPhone 5 can be used to keep valuable data because it has an enhanced data protection. Staff in the company can have accesses to corporate networks with support from Wi-Fi protocols. Architectural companies can take advantage of iPhone features to enhance the company. Furthermore, iPhone 5 is portable because it is the thinnest and lightest phone ever. It is 7.6mm thin and weighs 112 Mgs. Sta ff in architectural company can experience the stunning view offered by iPhone 5 since it has a 4-inch retina display with 326ppi. It offers staff in architectural firms an opportunity to see more content from the internet because it has a large screen. Managers in architectural companies can take advantage of the massive display because of the updated default software like iPhoto and garage band. IPhone 5 displays have two black stripes at both sides for adjustment with screen resolution. The touch sensors integrated into the screen provide the most advanced display that reduces sun glare hence making images sharper. Architectural companies can enjoy services of ultrafast wireless offered by iPhone 5. This provides ready connectivity within the company. The phone supports 802.11 a/b/g and 802.11n dual network supporting frequencies between the range of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. IPhone 5 has the broadest carrier ever compared to other phones. iPhone 5 has an A6 processor that is twice fast er and twice graphics thus providing an incredible experience. Architectural companies can enhance performance through iPhone 5 since is it has a 1.05 GHz processor that is paired with one GB RAM (King, Pp 1). Cores found in A6 are designed to work with smartphone thus enhancing performance. The advanced A6 processor has a new architectural design that allows the company to control performance of A6 to the hilt. This means iPhone 5 has a high processing power compared to other phones. There is little difference between iSight on 4S compared to iPhone 5. At the back, there is a device loaded with 8 megapixels brightened sensor supported camera. The camera can shoot HD videos and produce clear pictures. From the previous VGA, iPhone5 can capture 720p videos because it equipped with 1.2 megapixels. In comparison to Samsung Galaxy S3, iPhone5 has a panorama mode for holding down one key and moving the phone around to capture pictures. iPhone 5 has a feature known as Siri that stirred Sm artphone market because it is more intelligent than ever. S-Voice in Samsung Galaxy SIII or Google lacks many features compared to Siri. This is because Siri has a capability of answering to a broad category of questions (King, Pp 2). The feature has a capability of booking reservation in the best hotels and saves the best seats in movie theatres. Siri helps in launching apps and putting status in Facebook. Siri in iPhone 5 gives individuals the opportunity to understand sports. Within few

The Motive Behind Mergers And Acquisition

The Motive Behind Mergers And Acquisition INTRODUCTION Background Mergers and Acquisitions have gained substantial importance in todays corporate world. This process is extensively used for restructuring the business organizations. Some well known financial organizations also took the necessary initiatives to restructure the corporate sector of India by adopting the mergers and acquisitions policies. The  Indian economic reform since 1991 has opened up a whole lot of challenges both in the domestic and international spheres. The increased competition in the global market has prompted the Indian companies to go for mergers and acquisitions as an important strategic choice. The trends of mergers and acquisitions in India have changed over the years. The immediate effects of the mergers and acquisitions have also been diverse across the various sectors of the Indian economy. The Indian Economy has been growing at the fast rate and emerging as the most promising economy in the world. Be it in IT, RD, pharmaceutical, infrastructure, energy, consumer retail, telecom, financial services, media, and hospitality etc, there has been a sign of promising boom in the Indian economy. It is the second fastest growing economy in the world with GDP touching 8.9 % in 2010. Investors, big companies, industrial houses view Indian market in a growing and proliferating phase, whereby returns on capital and the shareholder returns are high. Both the inbound and outbound mergers and acquisitions have increased dramatically. According to Investment bankers, Merger Acquisition (MA) deals in India will cross $100 billion this year, which is double last years level and quadruple of 2005. Indias merger and acquisitions deal value in year 2010 reached almost US $50 billion which is three times of the deal value last year 2009. There were MA deals worth about $16 billion in 2009, down from close to US $40 billion in 2008. Definitions: Mergers: Mergers or amalgamation is combination of two or more companies to form as a single new company. In this process no fresh investment is made, however an exchange of shares takes place between the entities. In simple terms, a merger involves the mutual decision of two companies to combine and become one entity. Generally, merger is done between the two entities having similar size. Varieties of Mergers   Mergers can be of various types. But there are 5 main mergers varieties which are valued most in the corporate world.   Horizontal merger   Two companies that are in direct competition and share  the same product lines and markets.   Vertical merger   Two companies which are in the Value Chain. Market-extension merger  Ã‚  Two companies having same product but different target market. Product-extension merger  Ã‚  Two companies selling different but related products in the same market.   Conglomeration   Two companies with unrelated business/ industry.   Acquisitions   Acquisition means buying the ownership of one company by another company, often as the part of the growth strategy. Unlike in merger, acquisition is generally done by a large company to a small one. Acquisitions can be either friendly or hostile. Like mergers, acquisitions are actions through which companies seek economies of scale, efficiencies and enhanced market visibility. Acquisition is done either in cash or acquiring the stock of the target company or both. Distinction between Mergers and Acquisitions   Mergers and Acquisitions are often uttered as one and the same and considered to have the same meaning. But the terms merger and acquisition are two different term meaning.   When one company takes over another independent company and clearly established itself as  the new owner, the purchase is called an acquisition. From a legal point of view, the  target company  ceases to exist and the buyer or the acquirer possesses the full control of the business and the buyers  stock continues to be traded, then it is acquisition.   Regardless of the type of the strategic alliance they all have one purpose in common. They are all meant to create synergy that makes the value of the combined companies greater than the sum of the two parts. Synergy Synergy  is the force that is obtained when two or more components meet together to produces an exceptional result which when done solely cannot be achieved. In a business synergy takes the form of enhanced performance, increased profitability and exceptional cost reduction. By merging, the companies hope to benefit from the following:   Staff reductions Economies of scale   Acquiring new technology Improved market reach and industry visibility Importance of the study When a company wants to expand, there are various ways its can do. They can achieve the growth either by capturing the market share or by growing through strategic alliances. The main objective of the merger or acquisition is to achieve growth and synergy, economies of scale and capture or expand the market share. Buzz of merger and acquisition often creates hype in the financial market about the acquirers stock price. While most empirical research on merger focus on daily stock return surrounding announcement date, a few studies also look at long term performance of term performance of acquiring firm after merger.  [1]  Not only that, the performance of the company as a whole is also a matter of question mark. Will the company be able to perform better than it is doing or not? Problem Statement Many firm prior to merger and acquisition have an expectation to create a synergy from merger and acquisition. The main motive behind MA is to create efficiencies in the business and expansion of the business. But they most of the time ignore the fact that the effect of merger and acquisition has direct correlation with the value of the acquirers company and the stock price. The other problem that is to be considered is the financial risk associated with the MA. Research Objective The objective of this study is to gain the deeper and clear knowledge of the merger and acquisition on the acquiring firm. It also aims at the financial risk that a company may face post merger/ acquisition asa well as the long term performance of the acquirer. The objectives are as follows: To examine the effect of EPS myopia on the return of acquiring firms in mergers. Evaluate the effect on the stock price of the acquiring company post merger and acquisition. Critically evaluating if the shareholders of the acquiring companies experience wealth effect as a result of MA. The expected long term performance of the acquiring firm. Study of the financial risk pertaining to the merger and acquisition. Research Question What is the motive behind Merger and Acquisition? What is the effect on the stock price of the acquirer pre and post MA? Does the buzz create the bubble effect on the market or is it long lasting? What is the wealth effect of the acquirer firm post and pre MA? What is the trend of MA in Indian market? Drivers of MA in India What are the effects of MA to the competitors? Effect of the tax to the government post merger and acquisition. Limitations of the Study No proper information on the companies is found except for their Balance Sheet and Income Statement. This study is based on secondary database, so errors in the data could affect the results of the study. External factors such as economic conditions, regulatory changes etc are not taken into consideration. An overview of the Study This dissertation is divided into five chapters. The first chapter deals with the background information, problem statement, objective of the study, importance of study, research question limitation of the study. The second chapter deals with literature review. This chapter indicates the theoretical framework of the valuation method of Merger and Acquisition. It shows the detail description of the past research that has been done on the topic and discusses the outcome of the study. The third chapter deals with the research methodology of the dissertation. It deals with the Research method used for the data and information collection. It includes sample selection/design procedure, data collection and data analysis tools used in the dissertation. In this part assumptions had been made where there is lack of appropriate data and information. The fourth chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of the financial data that are used to achieve the objectives of the dissertation. This section mainly deals with the findings from the study and also focuses on the analysis and its results. The fifth and the last chapter of this dissertation present the findings of the study, recommendation of the study to the investors, financial managers regulators. It also concludes the suggestions for future research. Chapter II Review of the Literature 2. Literature Review Many authors and writers have written lot about merger and acquisition and its impact on the performance of the company as well as on the economy. A great deal of research has been carried out on the performance of the corporations involved in the merger and acquisition. When a company wants to jump start a long term growth or boost up the corporate performance, MA may seem to be the best option. Yet study after study puts the success rate of MA lies just between 20% and 30%. A lot of researcher had tried to explain the abysmal statistics, usually by analyzing the attributes of the deals that worked and those that didnt. What is lacking is the robust theory that identifies the causes of those success and failures.  [2]   2.1 Merger and Acquisition: Conceptual Review Farlex Financial Dictionary  [3]  has defined A decision by two companies to combine all operations, officers, structure, and other functions of business. Mergers are meant to be mutually beneficial for the parties involved. In the case of two publicly-traded companies, a merger usually involves one company giving shareholders in the other its stock in exchange for surrendering the stock of the first company Pratap G. Subramanyam (2005) has stated merger as in the term associated with the integration of one company into another. The merging company should exist thereafter and all its assets and liabilities get legally vested in the merged company. This means that the merger means amalgamation of the assets of the two or more companies to form a new company serving the similar or different purpose. 2.1.1 Recognition of amalgamation (merger) by Indian Statutory Bodies The Company Act of India does not define an amalgamation or a merger. Therefore, the term are being interpreted as being included in the term arrangement as defined in Section 390(b). This is vindicated by the fact that Section 394 talks about arrangement that are in nature of amalgamation of two or more companies. It is possible under Companies Act for two or more companies to amalgamate using the shareholder approval route under Section 293(1)(a) though such route is never adopted. The more appropriate route is to get court order under Section 394 of the Act, which has been specifically enacted to enable amalgamations. Section 390 This section provides that The expression arrangement includes a reorganization of the share capital of the company by the consolidation of shares of different classes, or by the division of shares into shares of different classes, or by both these methods Section 394 This section contains the powers while sanctioning scheme of reconstruction or amalgamation. Under the Income Tax(IT) Act, 1961 Section 2(1B) the word amalgamation in relation to companies means the merger of one or more companies to another company or the merger of two or more companies to form one company so that: All the property of the amalgamating company or companies before the amalgamation becomes the property of amalgamating company by virtue of the amalgamation. All liabilities of the amalgamating company or companies immediately before the amalgamation become the liabilities of amalgamating company by the virtue of amalgamation. Accounting Standard AS-14 defines amalgamations as those pursuant to the provisions of the companies Act or any other statute, which may be applicable to the companies. Therefore, it applies to all transactions that come under the purview of Section 391-394 of the Companies Act that relate to integration of two or more companies. AS-14 categorizes amalgamation into two categories: (a) amalgamation in nature of merger (b) amalgamation in nature of purchase. An amalgamation fall into former category if: All assets and liabilities of transferor company become after amalgamation, the assets and liabilities of the transferee company. Shareholders holding not less than 90% of the face value of the equity share of transferor company (excluding the shares held by the transferee company), become the equity shareholder of the transferee company by virtue of the amalgamation. The consideration for the amalgamation, receivable by those equity shareholders of the transferor company who agree to become the equity shareholder in the transferee company, is discharged wholly by issue of shares (except for fractional shares that may be settled in cash). The business of the transferor company is intended to be carried on by the transferee company. Acquisition is the mechanism by which companies change hands and through transfer of ownership of share or transfer of control. Acquisition means the purchase of or getting access to significant stakes in a company, often making such acquirer a major shareholder or force in the company. According to Dictionary of Financial Term  [4]  If a company buys another company outright, or accumulates enough shares to take a controlling interest, the deal is described as an acquisition. For example, if Corporation A buys 51% or more of Corporation B, then Corporation B becomes a subsidiary of Corporation A, and the activity is called an acquisition. A single investor may buy out a publicly-traded company; one calls this going private. Acquisitions occur in exchange for cash, stock, or both. Acquisitions may be friendly or hostile; a friendly acquisition occurs when the board of directors supports the acquisition and a hostile acquisition occurs when it does not. 2.1.2 The Acquisition and Takeover Code in India After the advent of the SEBI, introduced in 1994, there was a concerted attempt at formulation of a comprehensive framework under which acquisition and takeover could be made in existing listed companies. However the takeover code does not apply to unlisted companies and continue to be regulated by the provision of the Company Act. Listed companies are currently governed by the provision of Takeover Code, clause 40A and 40B of the Listing Agreement of the stock exchange and Section 108B and 108D of the Companies Act as regards acquisition and takeovers. Under the provision of Section 108B, corporate under the same management holding whether singly or in aggrete.10% or more of the nominal value of the subscribed equity share capital of the any other company shall, before transferring one or more such shares, give to the central government an intimation of its proposal to do with the prescribed details. Section 108D provides the similar provision wherein the Central Government can act suo moto of any transfer of a block share in a company. All the Sections under 108 are backed by Section 108G. Section 108G Applicability of the provisions of sections 108A to 108F.†The provisions of sections 108A to 108F (both inclusive) shall apply to the acquisition or transfer of shares or share capital by or to, an individual firm, group, constituent of a group, body corporate or bodies corporate under the same management, who or which† (a) is, in case of acquisition of shares or share capital, the owner in relation to a dominant undertaking and there would be, as a result of such acquisition, any increase†Ã‚   (i) in the production, supply, distribution or control of any goods that are produced, supplied, distributed or controlled in India or any substantial part thereof by that dominant undertaking, or   (ii) in the provision or control of any services that are rendered in India or any substantial part thereof by that dominant undertaking; or   (b) would be, as a result of such acquisition or transfer of shares or share capital, the owner of a dominant undertaking; or   (c) is, in case of transfer of shares or share capital, the owner in relation to a dominant undertaking. The SEBI Takeover Code brought in several new features into acquisition law which were not present in Clause 40A and 40B. The basic theme of the code is to provide for fair play and transparency in acquisition and takeover but at the same time to ensure that they are not stifled into extinction. 2.2 Differentiation of Merger and Acquisition In general Mergers and Acquisitions are used interchangeably, but they have a subtle differentiation in there meaning. Weston and Copeland (1992) distinguished merger and acquisition: merger as a transaction between more or less equal partners, while acquisitions are used to denote a transaction where a substantially bigger firm takes over a smaller firm. Their basis of distinguish was the size. But there are other factors apart from size that denotes the differences between merger and acquisition. Asquith Mullins (1986) define mergers and acquisitions on basis of share distribution. When two firms merge, shares of both are surrendered and new shares in name of the new firm will be issued. Unlike in merger, shares of the acquiring firm are not surrendered but traded in the market prior to the acquisition and continue to be traded by the public after the acquisition. The shares of the target firm cease to exist publicly. Motives behind Merger and Acquisition There are three major motives for the mergers and takeovers: Synergy, Agency, Hubris Synergy motive means that the sum total return/value from the integration of two or more companies should be greater than that from the individual company. Elazar Berkovitch (1993) suggests that the takeovers occur because of economic gains that results by merging the resources of the two firms. They even concluded that total gains from MA are always positive and thus can say that synergy appears. The agency motive suggests that takeovers occur because they enhance the acquirer managements welfare at the expense of acquirer shareholders. Elazar Berkovitch and M. P. Narayanan (1993) suggested three major motives for mergers and acquisitions: synergy, agency and hubris. The synergy motive suggests that the takeovers occur because of economic gains that results by merging the resources of the two firms. The agency motive suggests that takeovers occur because they enhance the acquirer managements welfare at the expense of acquirer shareholders. The hubris hypothesis suggests that managers make mistakes in evaluating target firms, and engaged in acquisitions even when there is no synergy. Khemani (1991) states that there are multiple reasons, motives, economic forces and institutional factors that can be taken together or in isolation, which influence corporate decisions to engage in MAs. It can be assumed that these reasons and motivations have enhanced corporate profitability as the ultimate, long-term objective. It seems reasonable to assume that, even if this is not always the case, the ultimate concern of corporate managers who make acquisitions, regardless of their motives at the outset, is increasing long-term profit. However, this is affected by so many other factors that it can become very difficult to make isolated statistical measurements of the effect of MAs on profit. The free cash flow theory developed by Jensen (1988) provides a good example of intermediate objectives that can lead to greater profitability in the long run. This theory assumes that corporate shareholders do not necessarily share the same objectives as the managers. The conflicts between these differing objectives may well intensify when corporations are profitable enough to generate free cash flow, i.e., profit that cannot be profitably re-invested in the corporations. Under these circumstances, the corporations may decide to make acquisitions in order to use these liquidities. It is therefore higher debt levels that induce managers to take new measures to increase the efficiency of corporate operations. According to Jensen, long-term profit comes from the re-organization and restructuring made necessary by takeovers.

John Donnes The Sun Rising :: Sun Rising Essays

John Donne's "The Sun Rising" In his poem, "The Sun Rising," Donne immerses the reader into his transmuted reality with an apostrophe to the "busy old fool, unruly sun" that "through curtains" calls upon him, seizing him from the bliss which "no season knows." This bliss, a passionate love, stimulates him to reinvent reality within the confines of his own mind, a wishful thinking from which he does not readily depart, much like a sleepy child clings to the consequences of a dream. In his address to the sun, he bids "the saucy, pedantic wretch" "go chide late schoolboys, and sour prentices," resembling a petulant youth imploring for more time to slumber. His reference to the sun as "saucy" and "pedantic" evinces his aversion to the hindrance that time poses upon his life. The rude, or "saucy" morning intrudes upon his rapture, a punctual reminder that time ceases for nothing and for no one. The speaker then boastfully asserts his power over the sun's rays, stating that "he could eclipse and cloud them with a wink, but that he would not lose her sight so long." This obviously undermines his argument because if it were not for those same beams of light, he would not see his love. Donne surely was aware of the ridiculous nature of this assertion; he appears to be attempting to accentuate the flaws in his argument against the sun, perhaps to emphasize the foolishness of a person in love. He continues this emphasis with his claim that all the riches and nobility the sun has seen "all here in one bed lie." His frivolous praise to his love continues; he declares that he and his mistress are superior not only to the ruler of the sky, but all others as well. "Princes" he sneers "do but play us." He declares that "all honour's mimic" of the reverence he and his love share, that "all wealth alchemy" compared to the splendor of love, and that the sun is but "half as happy" as this couple. It is evident that the speaker is aware of his folly; his foolish, yet eloquent speech is solely for the benefit of his beloved.

Attending Skills Essay

Bolton, in his book People Skills (1979), describes attending as giving all of your physical attention to another person. The process of attending, whether you realize it or not, has a considerable impact on the quality of communication that goes on between two people. For example, by attending you are saying to the other person â€Å"I am intersted in what you have to say†, however, a lack of good attending communicates that â€Å"I really don’t care about what you have to say. † The body can be used as a tool to facilitate good communication. This is done through positioning the parts of the body so that they invite and hold an interpersonal relation. A relaxed alertness expressed by body posture seems best suited for fostering good communication. Bolton offers these suggestions to establish a posture of involvment: * Lean toward the speaker. This will communicate energy and attentiveness. * Face the other squarly (i. e. , your right sholuder to the speakers left). This communicates your involvment. It is especially important for you to position yourself so that you are at eye level with the speaker if you are seen as a authority figure. This will circumnavigate feelings of threat and can greatly aid in forming an interpersonal relationship. * Maintaining an open posture is also important for fostering interpersonal relatedness. A closed posture (i. e. , crossed arms and or legs) often communicates coldness and defensiveness. * You also need to be aware of your proximity to the speaker. We all have a concept of â€Å"personal space. † When those boundaries are crossed it puts the other on the defensive and makes them feel uncomfortable. However, to much distance communicates aloofness and disconectedness. Body motion, it’s a funny thing! Have you ever paid attention to what your hands were doing during the course of a conversation? Some of us simply shove them in our pockets or let them hang aimlessly by our sides. Then there are others, like me, who tend to fling them around as if to place some kind of emphasis on each word! There is such a thing as too little and too much. Body motion is good but it can be over done if you are not careful. The purpose of gesturing when you are listening is to encourage the speaker to continue speaking. This can most easily be done with a periodic head nod. A good listener moves his or her body in response to the speaker. Effective eye contact says that you are visually attuned to what the speaker is saying. Good eye contact involves focusing on the speakers face and occasionally shifting the focus to other parts of the body. The key is that the other is aware that they have your attention because your eyes are â€Å"on them†. Good eye contact should seem natural to the other person. What ever you do, don’t â€Å"stare them down. † This makes you seem anxious and sometimes critical of them. The environment where the communication takes place is also an important factor in whether an interpersonal relationship can be formed. It is not always posible to move the conversation into a private room or office, but every attempt should be made to reduce the number of distractions that are present. In his book, The Skilled Helper (1998), Gerad Egan offers what he has labled the Micro Skills of Attending. The are very close to the infomation I have presented above from Bolton’s People Skills. He has developed the following acronym to help counseling students remeber these vital skills in communication. The listener has a specific responsibility in the course of communication. That is to stay out of the speakers way and to try and follow where he or she is leading. The goal of listening is not responding but understanding what is trying to be communicated. A door opener is a noncoercive inivitation to talk. Sometimes door openers are not necessay to â€Å"get the ball rolling†, but may be needed later in the conversation if the speaker does not seem to want to continue. Door openers don’t have to be verbal cues, a good listener can also use his or her body to send the signal â€Å"I am interested, you have my attention, please tell me more. The â€Å"four elements† of a door opener, as discussed, by Bolton are; (1) A discription of the other person’s body language (i. e. , you don’t look like you are feeling well today. ) (2) An invitation to talk (3) Silence (to give the other person time to decide if they want to talk and what they are going to say. ) (4) Attending (this inclueds all of the attending skills that are discused on the attending skills page. ) What on earth are â€Å"minimal encourages? † In the attempt to follow it is important not to become a nonparticipant in the conversation. Minimal encourages refers to the amount the listener speakes and the amount of direction the listener gives to the conversation, which should be very little. Sometimes encouragement is needed but the speaker needs to remain in control of the conversation. The same is true for questioning as is for encouraging. The problem is not questioning itself but the fact that most people do not do it well. Most people ask closed questions that only require specific and short answers such as â€Å"yes† and â€Å"no. † The trick is to ask open questions that are designed to spur the conversation on when it gets stuck. This means that questioning will be relatively infrequent. Finally, attentive silence is one of the most important elements in following the listener. We live in a culture in which silence is not comfortable. We often inturpert it as a cue that we need to jump in and say something. In fact, silence is an opportunity for the speaker to reflect on what he or she has said and to gather their thoughts before their next statment. What we say is not as important as giving the speaker the time he or she needs to clearly communicate their point. An important aspect of listening is to help the listner clarify his or her communication so that they can get their meaning across. To practice reflective listening is to serve as a mirror for the person speaking. One way that the speaker can do this is through paraphrasing. A paraphrase is a conscise response to the speaker that restates the essence of the communication in the listener’s own words. The paraphrase deals with facts or ideas and not the emotions. In this respect it focuses the content of the speakers message. Another aspect of reflecting is the mirroring back of the speaker’s emotions as they make their statments. It is important to tune into the speaker’s emotions. If we, as listeners, miss the feeling content we have missed a major part of the speaker’s reaction and experience. Reflecting feelings also give the speaker an opportunity to evaluate how he or she is responding to a problem situation. Not only should the listener reflect feeling, he or she also needs to reflect meaning. Content + feeling = meaning. Sounds simple, doesn’t it? But, if you get the feelings wrong or the content wrong then you can’t understand the speaker. Reflecting meaning alows you to be sure you are â€Å"getting† what the speaker is saying. Reflecting feeling and content are the baby steps to reflecting meaning. Meaning expression can use the basic empathic formula; you feel _______ because _________ , or some variation on this formla. After a while the formula will disaper and a natural empathic responding style will develop. Finally, there is the concept of sumative reflections. This reflective response is designed to recap the major themes of the conversation and comes after an extended period of the conversation. During the course of the conversation bits of useless information can acrue. The sumation can serve to help the speaker to sort through the litter and to construct a more complete and compact conceptualization of the issue being discussed.

Melanoma

Breakthroughs in medicine are occurring at a more predictable rate in the 21st century. This is due to technology and also the glut of information that is due to decades of research in the area of biology and medicine. Still, there are some medical conditions and illnesses that still puzzle the medical community and the public. One of these is melanoma a type of cancer.This study will look into the basic definition of this sickness. This paper will also address the current status and future standing of the illness and provide information as to what will be the next possible steps in curing the disease and the future of melanoma treatment.MelanomaThis disease is a type of skin cancer but it is not just an ordinary kind of cancerous growth but it is actually, â€Å"†¦the most serious type of skin cancer† (Melanoma.com, 2007). The main cause of melanoma is too much exposure to ultraviolet radiation such as in the case of sun bathers and those who just crave to have that bron ze look and then go lie under intense UV rays courtesy of tanning booths.This type of disease is prevalent because this is a nation of sun worshippers, meaning people in this country just love to bask under the ultraviolet glow of sunlight just to get that much sought after tan. Now, melanoma is on the rise and the faster growing cancer in the United States of America.It is a serious problem not just because of its frequency but also because it is very aggressive. In fact, â€Å"The median survival of patients is generally limited to 6 t 10 months, and it has not been significantly improved since the 1970s† (University of Michigan Health System, 2007).But according to the National Cancer Institute (â€Å"NCI†) this type of cancer can also occur in the eye and is called intraocular or ocular melanoma (NCI, 2007). But the organ of choice – so to speak – for the disease is the human skin which is the largest organ of the human body. It is not only because of the large surface area but more on the fact that melanoma develops first in the skin cell called melanocytes.Melanocytes are skin cells found in the skin that is in charge in the production of melanin. Melanin’s main purpose is to give skin its color and explains why those who live in different environs e.g. too much sun, have a different skin color than those who only receive minimal amounts of sunlight throughout the year.Another major purpose of melanin is to protect deeper layers of the skin from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet or UV rays. Due to prevalence of the disease in those who love to get deep tan lying motionless in beaches or those frequenting tanning booths there is a consensus that too much exposure to UV light is the major cause of melanoma.When a person spends a considerable amount of time under the sun, melanocytes are worked into a frenzy – they work extra hard to produce melanin. This increased activity when done frequently causes this partic ular cell to suddenly behave abnormally. When this happens, Stage 1 cancer has already occurred. Yet, no one has been able to pinpoint the exact mechanism or the exact chemical process that cause this abnormality. The dermatology research team in the University of Michigan asserts remarked that, â€Å"The identification of the molecular basis of melanoma progression [†¦] are largely unknown† (Soengas, 2007).Current StatusIn the early stages of melanoma, it is highly treatable but there are limited options for those who are already in the advanced stages (Medical News Today, 2007). There are bigger problems when it concerns this illness. Reacting to the aforementioned poor prognosis of those who are in the later stages of the disease, the University of Michigan research team gave the following findings, â€Å"A main contributor to this poor prognosis is an extreme resistance to standard modalities of anticancer treatment, ranging fro immuno, to radiao or chemotherapyâ₠¬  (Soengas, 2007).Future StandingThere are exciting developments though and one could be found in the laboratories of The Wistar Institute, an independent nonprofit biomedical research institution dedicated to discovering the causes and curse for major diseases including cancer. One of their researchers discovered that a substance called peptide exists in approximately 70 percent of melanomas but not in normal cells. Dorothee Herlyn the main proponent of this novel vaccine approach used the peptide to stimulate T cells in the body to attack the melanoma cells. Herlyn found out that a substantial proportion of melanoma patients, about 50 percent have killer T cells responding to the peptide and is very optimistic that in due time this new approach will be able to treat at least one third of all melanoma patients (Medical News Today, 2007).DiscussionAs mentioned earlier there are is still no hard evidence that will point to the exact cause of the disease on the molecular level. So f ar what is ascertain is the fact that too much exposure to UV rays are causing the melanocytes in the skin to grow abnormally and then becomes cancer causing.Prevention of course is better than seeking more expensive and emotionally draining cure especially when it comes to cancer. So experts suggest decreasing the amount of time under the harsh elements of the sun’s rays. Also, there is a serious need to be conscious of protecting one self from ultraviolet rays and this includes sun screen lotions, hats, working under the shade etc.But when cancer has already set in medical professionals are needed on the scene. There are at least four (4) major types of treatment (National Cancer Institute, 2007):Surgery – This includes removing the melanoma or removing cancer cells and some of the normal tissue around it. Lymphadenectomy is also an option wherein the lymph nodes are removed. Skin grafting is also part of this type of treatment.Chemotherapy – Cancer drugs are taken orally or injected into a vein so that it can enter the bloodstream and kill cancer cells. But due to the fact that melanoma is in the skin, basically outside the internal organs of the body this common cancer treatment has to be modified. The technique is called â€Å"hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion† where the flow of blood from the limb is inhibited through the use of tourniquet and thus anticancer drug can be put directly into the blood of the limb.Radiation Therapy – There are two types of radiation therapy – internal and external radiation therapy where the former uses high-energy x-rays while the latter uses radioactive substances sealed in catheters and then placed near the affected areas of the body.Biologic Therapy – This type of therapy finds ways to boos the body’s immune system so that it can fight the disease.There are also new types of treatment being tested in clinical trials. One is the aforementioned radical technique de veloped by Dorothee Herlyn of The Wistar Institute where she was able to coax T killer cells to attack melanoma and what a novel approach indeed.Works CitedMedical News Today. â€Å"Melanoma Research Progress Suggests Optimism for Future Cures.†Available from < http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=45539&nfid=rssfeeds> Accessed [20 April 2007].Melanoma.com. â€Å"What is Melanoma?† Available from Accessed [19 April 2007].Soengas, Maria. â€Å"Molecular Basis of Melanoma Progression and Drug Resistance.† University

Long Lasting And Negative Effects Of Alcoholism Social Work Essay Example

Long Lasting And Negative Effects Of Alcoholism Social Work Essay Example Long Lasting And Negative Effects Of Alcoholism Social Work Essay Long Lasting And Negative Effects Of Alcoholism Social Work Essay Alcoholism consequences in long lasting and negative effects on the full household. Family therapy can assist the full household whether they are the intoxicant maltreater or the abused household members. Including the full household in therapy Sessionss can assist maintain the intoxicant abuser out of denial when he or she hears how their intoxicant maltreatment affects the full household. The household members have the same opportunity to mend and to be heard when they might non otherwise get that opportunity without being included in therapy Sessionss. Sing that the household members are frequently told to maintain the intoxicant abuseraa‚Â ¬a„?s behaviour a secret, therapy can authorise them when they talk about their experiences openly and have much-needed support. Because the psychological effects of alcohol addiction can last a life-time for the full household, it is of import to handle every individual in the household, where they can larn to experience safe whil e uncovering their feelings, frights, and letdowns. Everyone in this type of household demands help mending from the intoxicant maltreatment and how it has affected each person in a personal manner. Because household therapy includes every member, it can extenuate some of the devastating and on-going effects alcohol addiction has on each member, particularly the kids. Keywords: alky, household therapy, empower Alcoholism and its Consequence on the Family The annihilating effects of alcohol addiction on households and kids have been good documented. When intoxicant disrupts the normal operation of a household in a place, a clinical diagnosing of intoxicant maltreatment can be made ( Ripley, Cunion, A ; Noble, 2006 ) . There has been recent advancement in the intervention of intoxicant maltreatment with household therapy ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . Some jobs, which alcohol addiction can take to in a household, might include hazardous behaviours such as love personal businesss, unplanned gestations, jobs with the jurisprudence, reduced suppressions, and societal nonconformity ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . Family healers normally support utilizing household therapy as a first-line intervention for alcohol addiction ; although in some fortunes, where there is force or psychosis, the full household is non ever present ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . Therapy for the full household can do an of import difference in the lives of household members, pa rticularly the kids who can turn up to go grownups with serious accommodation and psychological jobs as a consequence of life with an alcoholic during their childhood. Parental Alcoholism and Family Life A recent ten-year survey has shown a important addition in American alcohol addiction ( Johnson A ; Stone, 2009 ) . The figure of kids that have been exposed to alcohol addiction or intoxicant maltreatment in their places is estimated to be 28.6 % or 1 in 4 kids ( Johnson A ; Stone, 2009 ) . Children and households can see many damaging effects from intoxicant maltreatment, some being angry effusions, physical maltreatment, and noteworthy lessenings in caring or heat ( Johnson A ; Stone, 2009 ) . In an alcoholic place, there is increased hurt for the partner, and the partner suffers much greater psychological disturbance and wellness jobs than in a non-alcoholic environment ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . In alcoholic households there is frequent contending with angry scenes of reasoning and faulting. In add-on, kids are often elevated to a parental function, going caretakers for parents or siblings, confounding appropriate parental/child boundaries ( Johnson A ; Stone, 2009 ) . When looking back on their lives, grownup kids of alkies tend to retrieve their households of beginning as less healthy than grownups who did non hold an alcoholic household member. Research has besides shown alcoholic households to hold been less able to work as a healthy unit due to the effects of frequent imbibing ( Johnson A ; Stone, 2009 ) . There is less cooperation, job resolution, and communicating with alcoholic households than with non-alcoholic households ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . Other negative effects of alcohol addiction on kids include divorce and going alkies themselves ( Johnson A ; Stone, 2009 ) . Children in alcoholic households experience more traumatic events and are at a higher hazard of physical, emotional, and sexual maltreatment. Neglect is besides a hazard for kids who grow up with an alcoholic parent ( Johnson A ; Stone, 2009 ) . Family working lessenings when there is unpredictability, maltreatment, or deficiency of parent engagement in the lives of their kids ( Johnson A ; Stone, 2009 ) . Fathers Alcoholism and Infant Attachment The lessening in household operation can be apparent in kids up to 12 months of age who showed less attachment to parents than kids of the same age in non-alcoholic households ( Edwards, Eiden, A ; Leonard, 2004 ) . Surveies have suggested that there is a connexion between babies who have hard dispositions and alcoholic parents. The male parent s mental wellness issues that normally accompany alcohol addiction such as avoidant behaviours and antisocial behaviours negatively affect the father-infant fond regard ( Edwards et al. , 2004 ) . Infant fond regard is negatively affected besides when the female parent has mental wellness issues. Depression has a strong consequence on the mother-infant relationship, particularly when the depression goes on long term ( Edwards et al. , 2004 ) . Another consequence of alcohol addiction on an baby is that there is a strong association between matrimonial animus, alcohol addiction, and the parent-infant relationship. The matrimonial relationship straight influences parent-infant fond regard ( Edwards et al. , 2004 ) . Children and Acting out Behaviors As the infant gets older, kids of preschool age who have alcoholic male parents have more behavior jobs and move out more than other kids ( Eiden, Edwards, A ; Leonard, 2006 ) . Behavior jobs get downing this early have been linked to antisocial behaviours taking to substance maltreatment in older kids ( Eiden et al. , 2006 ) . Sons of alcoholic male parents showed more aberrant behaviour as yearlings than other kids without alcoholic male parents. Daughters of alcoholic male parents showed more fear, anxiousness, and uncontrolled conformity as yearlings than other kids ( Eiden et al. , 2006 ) . Psychological Adjustment of Children in an Alcoholic Home Besides kids holding fright, anxiousness, and aberrant behaviour, research has shown that a male parent s heavy imbibing affects his kids s psychological and societal accommodation over a period of clip ( Andreas A ; OFarrell, 2007 ) . Fathers who entered into intervention for their alcohol addiction, and remained in recovery, had kids who showed a lessening in their accommodation issues while male parents who continued and increased their imbibing had kids who had an addition in their accommodation issues ( Andreas A ; OFarrell, 2007 ) . Because kids in alcoholic places have increasing accommodation issues every bit good as a battalion of developmental jobs, being a kid of an alky is a high hazard factor for holding developmental and adjustment issues ( Andreas A ; OFarrell, 2007 ) . Children of alcoholic male parents who demonstrated holding accommodation issues showed betterment when their male parents entered intervention and drank less. When these male parents returned to their heavy imbibing behaviours, their kids besides returned to exhibiting get bying and behavioural jobs as before ( Andreas A ; OFarrell, 2007 ) . Children and Self Control Children respond to their parent s imbibing behaviours and successful ego control is thought to be learned and internalized by the quality of rearing. A female parent s heat, sensitiveness, and subject have a important function in larning self ordinance ( Eiden et al. , 2006 ) . Surveies have shown that a female parent s reactivity at 13 and 24 months predicted self control at 6 old ages old. It has besides been shown that a female parent s emotional handiness has a important consequence on ego control. Mothers, who are warm and positive, have kids who have lower degrees of ill will, moving out behaviours, and higher degrees of ego control ( Eiden et al. , 2006 ) . Alcoholic households, in which the male parent is the alcoholic, are less sensitive to their kids s demands for heat, attending, and clip and do non hold as many positive drama interactions with their kids ( Eiden et al. , 2006 ) . Parental Depression and Alcoholism Mothers who are depressed are less emotionally and verbally antiphonal to their kids and have hapless parent-child interactions. Children become more negative and cranky as a consequence of their parent s depression starting every bit early as 3 months old ( Eiden et al. , 2006 ) . With parental depression, female parents and male parents are less involved in interacting with their kids, show less physical fondness, and are easy aggravated and frustrated, and use more negative subject ( Eiden et al. , 2006 ) . Family Violence and Alcoholism Together with depression and disregard, alcoholic parents are more likely to utilize rough physical penalty than non-alcoholic parents. Family force is common within the alcoholic environment and about 1/3 of abused kids in the alcoholic place develop PTSD ( Sher et al. , 2005 ) . Research has shown that there is a significantly higher grade of verbal and physical force in alcoholic places when compared to non-alcoholic places ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . Effectss of Alcoholism as an Adult The opprobrious manner of life in an alcoholic place, including verbal and physical force, depression and disregard, can straight impact the kid when he or she becomes an grownup ( Johnson A ; Stone, 2009 ) . Some grownups who have experienced a childhood alcoholic place along with emotional maltreatment battle with societal issues, temper jobs, anxiousness, and are besides at hazard for drug and intoxicant usage themselves ( Johnson A ; Stone, 2009 ) . Adult kids of alkies have shown less satisfaction with their lives and relationships and tend to hold negative attitudes than those who are non big kids of alkies. They will frequently get married another grownup kid of an alcoholic and have more divorces and less satisfaction with their ain kids and matrimony. Adult kids of alkies will be given to be more controlling of others and their lives ( Johnson A ; Stone, 2009 ) . Sense of Self as an Adult Other affects of life in an alcoholic place suffered by big kids of alkies are that they tend to respond to their environment with more emotional lability, can be hyper-sensitive, and do non hold a clear thought of who they are. They besides tend to hold trouble with trust and familiarity and be given to be avoidant people ( Johnson A ; Stone, 2009 ) . Adult kids of alkies will be given to avoid and be disconnected from their households, or overinvolved when there is more household wellness and coherence ( Johnson A ; Stone, 2009 ) . Surveies have shown that grownup kids of alkies who experienced verbal maltreatment were less fused to their households and more cut off from their households of beginning ( Johnson A ; Stone, 2009 ) . Studies show that if big kids of alkies saw more physical force between their parents, they ended up demoing less ability to cognize who they were along with non being good at doing their ain determinations and standing by them. The longer a kid lived a t place with alcoholic parents, the more emotionally reactive they tended to be as grownups ( Johnson A ; Stone, 2009 ) . Antisocial Behavior and Alcoholism Other unnatural behaviour by alcoholic parents may be antisocial behaviour, which can be linked to alcohol addiction. It can attest as angry, aggressive behaviour in the place every bit good as holding a possible familial nexus to disposition ( Eiden et al. , 2006 ) . There is a correlativity between alkies, impulsivity, and sensation-seeking behaviours ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . Psychopathology and Alcoholism A household history of alcohol addiction is a hazard factor for the development of many mental unwellnesss, in add-on to antisocial behaviours, which include alcohol addiction, substance maltreatment, major depression, behavior upset, and aggressive behaviour ( Sher et al. , 2005 ) . Studies show that people with a household history of alcohol addiction study a higher rate of physical and sexual maltreatment make more suicide efforts with more purpose to decease when compared to down topics without a household history of alcohol addiction ( Sher et al. , 2005 ) . Females who have a household history of alcohol addiction are more likely to develop major depression than males who have a household history of alcohol addiction. There is besides a higher grade of down people from alcoholic places who develop PTSD ( Sher et al. , 2005 ) . Familial and Environmental Factors The household members who are at greater hazard for the mental unwellnesss associated with alcohol addiction and develop mental unwellness are more impaired by their mental unwellness than people who do non hold a first-degree relation with alcohol addiction. This damage is most likely due to familial every bit good as environmental factors. Geneticss may lend to alcohol addiction every bit good as self-destructive behaviour in a household with alcohol addiction. Serotonin instability is implicated as a factor in alcohol addiction, depression, and related unwellnesss. Sons from alcoholic households who do non go alkies have been shown to be lacking in 5-hydroxytryptamine ( Sher et al. , 2005 ) . Other biological differences have been found in households with a history of alcohol addiction ( Sher et al. , 2005 ) . Because people are influenced by their environments, this has to be considered every bit good as biological sensitivity when sing the effects of alcohol addiction in the pla ce. Both biological and environmental factors work together to do a higher rate of developing alcohol addiction in people with a household history ( Sher et al. , 2005 ) . Other environmental issues that contribute to alcoholism include poorness or deficiency of chances ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . The continued maltreatment of intoxicant can do extra wellness jobs due to the wellness hazards caused by the intoxicant ingestion ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . Treatment Approaches to Alcoholism Treatment of the possible wellness hazards associated with alcohol addiction is an of import first measure in order for the client to be healthy plenty to take part in therapy. After this, the induction of household therapy can be considered. Some grounds shows that household therapy is a superior intervention for alcohol addiction while other grounds shows no difference in intervention of the alky as an single versus household therapy ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . Family therapy as the intervention attack for intoxicant maltreatment makes sense as the primary intervention mode because everyone in the household suffers the effects of the substance maltreatment. If the intoxicant maltreater is a kid, parents will endure with concern and wait up for their kid to come place at dark. If the maltreater is a partner, he or she will seek to conceal grounds of imbibing, concealing bottles, avoiding work and friends. Children of alkies will be affected by guilt and frequently be elevated to a pl ace of grownup, covering with duty they are non prepared for. Adult kids of alkies will frequently endure the effects of alcohol addiction throughout their lives being unable to halt enduring the memories of their yesteryear and happening themselves in unhealthy relationships that mimic their yesteryear. Alcoholism can impact immediate households every bit good as coevalss of households. The manner in which households interact with each other can lend to the continuance of alcohol addiction with the substance mistreating member. Without recognizing how confederations and enabling behaviour within the household can assist back up unhealthy behaviour, the household will non be able to alter. Alcohol maltreatment can be missed and even unwittingly encouraged by other household members. If the household is willing to take part in therapy, and the intoxicant maltreater is non, alteration can still get down by unbalancing the household system when the other members engage in new behaviours, perchance doing the intoxicant maltreater to besides take part in therapy and admit their job. When the job of intoxicant maltreatment is addressed as a household issue all members have duty for the issue. In the beginning of therapy, assisting the alcoholic to halt imbibing and keep soberness should be the highest precedence. Research has shown that the alcoholic can keep soberness longer if the full household is involved in job declaration following a backsliding ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . This would be easier when the full household is cognizant of the job and willing to make whatever it takes to assist the alcoholic remain sober. Any type of enabling behaviour can be addressed and stopped at this clip besides doing it more hard for the alky to trust on old methods for acquiring others to assist with intoxicant ingestion, leting it, and digesting habit-forming behaviour. Stabilizing the Family After an alcoholic Michigans mistreating intoxicant, the alterations in that individual are frequently hard to digest by other household members. Family members feel the individual is different and they can experience lost and depressed. Their old enabling functions are disrupted and they do non cognize what to make or what to anticipate. These household members can experience a sense of emptiness and a feeling of being without way. Families have been known to undermine the alky s effort to stay sober by supplying intoxicant and doing enticement. In household therapy, if a backsliding does happen, the household healer can convey up the inquiry of who is to fault for the backsliding. Because backsliding can be complicated and contributed to by others in the household, it is addressed in household therapy as a household job instead than the alky s job entirely. If a crisis of backsliding occurs, this can be addressed and other household issues can be brought up to better relationships, receive healthy support, and better the familiarity between twosomes. Behavioral Therapy for Families as a Preferred Treatment Behavioral therapy used in household therapy is thought to be the most effectual intervention for alcohol addiction ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . Behavioral therapy for households focal points on finding what current state of affairss in the household contribute to keeping imbibing, what the household thinks is the positive effects of intoxicant, and effects of imbibing ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . Behavioral therapy for households plants on altering the motive for imbibing, working on the alcoholic and partner to do needful behaviour alterations, learning positive support for non imbibing, and to assist the alcoholic and spouse sing new cognitive and behavioural accomplishments for keeping soberness ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . Behavioral therapy for households has been shown to do important decrease in intoxicant usage every bit good as better the relationship between the alcoholic and partner ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . Family Systems Therapy Family Systems Therapy focuses on the household system in which the alcohol addiction is the job instead than the person. In the beginning phases of therapy, the alky is non pressured to halt imbibing. The healer operates as a adviser until the household decides what their end is sing the job imbibing in the household. A end might affect altering interactions that might lend to keeping imbibing behaviour in the household ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . Surveies have shown this attack is no better than other intervention attacks ; nevertheless, other intervention modes may utilize this attack as portion of another attack ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . Structural-Strategic Family Therapy Another household therapy mode is Structural-Strategic Family Therapy which is concerned with jobs in substance maltreatment. It is action-oriented and this produces consequences because of this. This attack has been shown to be a good option for adolescent intoxicant maltreaters. The Johnson Intervention Before get downing household therapy, ab initio the Johnson Intervention can be used to educate the household of an alcoholic sing the readying for a confrontation and intercession. The end of this intercession is to assist the alcoholic to get the better of denial and to promote him to come in intervention. Surveies have found that this intercession technique helps the alcoholic to get down intervention, but has non made a important difference in acquiring alkies to remain in intervention ( Ripley et al. , 2006 ) . Decision Alcoholism is a job that affects the full household. Some of the effects last through old ages and even coevalss. Treating this as a household issue allows the household to work as a unit to convey about alteration for the alcoholic, and to besides acquire aid for themselves. Spouses can be affected by debatable behaviours such as physical and emotional force, sexual personal businesss, and loss of occupations and income. Children of alkies can populate through lay waste toing scenes of physical force and shouting. They can endure sleep want while waiting up for their alcoholic parent to come place from the bars. Adult kids of alkies are known to go on covering with the permanent effects of life with an alky in their households of beginning. Adult kids of alkies can endure from station traumatic emphasis, anxiousness, fright, depression, and non cognizing who they are or what their intent is in life. These long-run psychological effects can be enfeebling. Treating alcohol addiction a s a household can convey aid to every member and perchance halt the rhythm of intoxicant maltreatment. Children can show their frights, concerns, and hopes for the hereafter. Spouses can non merely show their frights and concerns, but can besides happen ways to assist the alcoholic maintain a sober being. Cooperation by every member is important, and if the full household commits and agrees to therapy, the alky has a greater likeliness of recovery. By holding the full household nowadays for therapy, the alky is non merely offered a solution to the imbibing job, but the remainder of the household has an chance to mend from the effects of life with the alky. If this is successful, the alky can halt mistreating intoxicant and go a conducive member of his or her household, the partner can mend and take a healthier and happier life, and the kids can mend from their traumatic yesteryear and later look frontward to a more positive hereafter.

China Social Relations and Public Life Under Mao Zedong and Deng Essay

China Social Relations and Public Life Under Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping - Essay Example Moreover, the strategy was to open China to the rest of the world through the adoption of various reconstruction policies. Moreover, Deng Xiaoping in the second half of 20th century put various policies that saw China become an economic hub and one of the main contributors in global economy. Consequently, China is now posing a great challenge to major economies of the world and the already existing superpowers. A China foreign relation has changed tremendously since 1949. This was to ensure the issue of national interest prevails and to safeguard its diplomacy status. Both Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping were part of these foreign changes and important symbols of Chinese history at this period. The history of republic of China can be divided into reign of Mao Zedong (1949-1976) and the reign of Deng Xiaoping (1978-1997) (Hephaestus Books 80-84). This paper seeks to compare and contrast China’s social relations and public life under Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. Under the leadersh ip of Mao, China saw a change in foreign relations strategies. Mao foreign strategies were mostly to safeguard the security interest of the people republic of China. Moreover, Mao ensured that there was protection of China’s state sovereignty and its territory from countries surrounding it especially Japan. Mao foreign strategies can therefore, be summarized as a means of survival and security maintenance (Slavicek 28-35). However, in Deng Xiaoping’s era the strategies adopted by Mao changed significantly. In his reign, the priorities of foreign relations changed significantly. Consequently, Deng purpose was to ensure there was international sobriety so as modernization could be achieved in the republic of China. Moreover, Deng fought for the founding of the latest worldwide political and economic systems. Deng issues of modernization were aimed at overseeing China unification through the return of Taiwan, resistance of hegemonies and ensure sustenance of world peace. Furthermore, economic construction was the underlying factor of these set goals (Kau and Marsh 337-345). In addition, Mao foreign relations strategies were based on war and revolutions. In contrast, theme of peace and development strategies characterized Deng era. Mao was generally influenced by a protracted revolutionary war in establishing communism in China. Mao Zedong take on China was that it was a revolutionary country and therefore could support revolution in other parts of the world. Mao believed that world could only be shaped through revolution (Slavicek 56-60). However, there was a change in this policy during Deng’s era. Deng advocated for peace and had a notion that world war could be belated and avoided. Deng also believed that world status could only be achieved through peace and developments (Kau and Marsh 75). In addition, under the leadership of Mao, foreign relations were achieved through the perspective of an international united front. This was one of the three factors instituted under the communist revolution and regime of Mao Zedong. The unitary system was to ensure there was success in fighting a common enemy and therefore, involved forming allies with friendly nations (Slavicek 72). However, in the era of Deng Xiaoping, the issue of alliance was dropped from the policies and autonomy and non-alliance was part of this administration. Under Deng, China’s relation with two superpowers became minimal and fought to have an edge in the global arena. There was no formal recognition of any

Virtue In Ancient Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virtue In Ancient Philosophy - Essay Example For example, human beings acquire virtue obeying the law and living to the expectation of societal norms and values. Human beings admire acquired virtues over natural virtues depending on the circumstances they find themselves in. For example, some people practices sobriety to live well with others, with the same objective, they teach their children good principles. 2. What, for Plato, are the virtues of wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice? Do you agree with Plato that those people with wisdom (derived from knowledge of the idea of good) should rule society? If so, then must we give up democracy? If not, then how can democracy possibly work well? Plato depicted wisdom as understanding, justice brought harmony, and courage is nonphysical, temperance as moderation. These three virtues according to Plato aim at bringing happiness to individuals and societies. Therefore, he advocated for use of persuasion rather than coercion. Only leaders with wisdom should rule society because the y are in a better position to know their subjects and understand their tribulations. Democracy may perpetuate corruption, which may lead to unhappiness because the chosen leaders may not have better knowledge of our problems and us. 3. How does Aristotle distinguish between moral and intellectual virtues? What are the two kinds of intellectual virtue? How does the mean play a role in making choices that help the cultivation of moral virtues? According to Aristotle, there are two kinds of virtue: moral and intellectual virtue. Moral virtues are not innate according to Aristotle but they are acquired. For instance, an individual becomes trustworthy by acting truthfully. Examples of moral virtues are humility, truthfulness, moderation, and generosity. On the other hand, intellectual virtues are those personality traits that are required for correct thinking and desired action. He classified intellectual virtues as productive such as craft knowledge, theoretical such as wisdom and mind and lastly practical such as practical prudence. Happiness is the central core of living, which depends entirely on cultivation of virtues. According to Aristotle, playing the mean is the way of cultivating virtues that includes moral virtues for the attainment of individual happiness. Playing the mean is the virtue between two extreme excesses and deficiency. For instance, exercising the act of justice in getting too little or getting too much. Therefore, human beings make choices depending on the circumstances that surround them by choosing on one option and neglecting the other. 4. What is Aristotle’s practical syllogism? Do you ever make moral decisions in a way that would seem to conform to the practical syllogism? If so, what would be some examples? If not, how do you arrive at moral decisions? Practical syllogism is a way of reasoning in syllogistic manner, the summary of which is a certain action. Sometimes I make moral decisions that conformed practical syllogism in that I choose to care for my friends and I do not remain indifferent towards their mistakes. Part B 1. Explain the author's (Holmes) conception of the natural law tradition. (p.84-85) According to Holmes, natural law has external existence and objectives. It follows the nature of world and man in that as human beings we have the right to defend what we