Hellen Keller Essay -- Biography Biographies Hellen Keller Essays

Hellen Keller Helen Keller was born on 27 June 1880 in Alabama. Her father was a newspaper editor. She was a lively and healthy child with a friendly personality. She could walk and even say a few simple words. In 1882 she caught a fever that was so bad she almost died. When it was over she could no longer see or hear. Because she could not hear it was also very hard to speak. She was 18 months old when this happened. But Helen was not someone who gave up easily. Soon she began to explore the world by using her other senses. She followed her mother wherever she went, hanging onto her skirts. She touched and smelled everything she came across and felt other people's hands to see what they were doing. She copied their actions and could do some jobs herself, like milking the cows or kneading dough. She even learnt to recognise people by feeling their faces or their clothes. She could also tell where she was in the garden by the smell of the different plants and the feel of the ground under her feet. By the time she was seven she had invented over 60 different signs she could use to talk to her family. If she wanted bread for example she would pretend to cut a loaf and butter the slices. If she wanted ice cream she wrapped her arms around herself and pretended to shiver. At the age of five Helen began to realise she was different from other people. She noticed that her family did not use signs like she did but talked with their mouths. Sometimes she stood between two people and touched their lips. She could not understand what they said and she could not make any understandable sounds herself. She wanted to talk but no matter how she tried she could not make herself understood. This made her so angry that she used to throw herself around the room, kicking and screaming in frustration. The older she got the more frustrated she got and her rages got worse and worse. She became wild and hard to control. If she didn't get what she wanted she would throw tantrums until her family gave in. Her favourite tricks were grabbing other people's food from their plates and throwing breakable things on the floor. Once she even managed to lock her mother into the pantry. Eventually her family knew that something had to be done. So just before her seventh birthday the family hired a private tutor. Anne Sull... ...ations working with blind people overseas. Without the help of others Helen Keller would never have succeeded the way she did. She relied a lot on Anne Sullivan, who went everywhere with her for almost fifty years. But Helen Keller was very remarkable. She was very intelligent, sensitive and determined. She was the first deaf-blind person to make such a public success of her life. But she is not the only person with a hearing and sight impairment to succeed. She is only the best known. Maybe her biggest success was in convincing other people that disability is not the end of the world. One Japanese lady said about her, 'For many generations, more than we can count, we bowed our heads and submitted to blindness and beggary. This blind and deaf woman lifts her head high and teaches us to win our way by work and laughter. She brings light and hope to the heart'. I liked learning about Helen Keller because she worked hard and learned how to do things that most people thought blind and deaf people could not ever do. She found other ways to learn than the way most people do because she was handicapped, but she did not let it stop her.

Adverse Leadership Model

SOU 4: Adverse Leadership Model Jeff Mais Texas A & M University – Commerce Introduction During this semester we have looked at several positive leadership theories, from the most elementary to the more complex. Leadership takes on many different roles and responsibilities of both the leader and follower. Some leaders have the inherent ability to lead their followers successfully, however others cannot. Destructive leadership (Padilla et al, 2007) is such a theory that has been introduced with devastating follower outcomes. This could be viewed in several ways; a good leader with bad followers or bad leader with good followers.Bad or adverse leadership can affect the follower outcomes and ultimately create a terrible work environment for the followers. Poor leaders can have a negative impact on employees and might even damage the company’s bottom line (Leviticus, 2010). In this paper we will further examine the adverse leadership model in figure 1 and explain this model from the leader, follower, environment and outcomes. Adverse Leadership Model The Adverse Leadership Model (ALM) is a model that focuses primarily around bad leaders and subservient followers.Looking at Figure 1, we will start with explaining the various characteristics of the bad leader; poor communicator, micromanager, sets unclear expectations, uses intimidation, and poor people skills. These 5 characteristics define the bad leader and help create the poor environmental conditions examined further. * Poor Communication – Poor leaders don’t value communication with their employees. A poor leader might spend long periods of time away from his desk or office or might ignore staff emails and telephone messages.Listening to others is a low priority, and poor leaders disregard input from staff and might not seem to care about staff opinions (Leviticus, 2010). * Micromanager – Micromanagers are very involved in the smallest details of the follower’s jobs and /or projects. This type of leader behavior can make followers feel inadequate at their jobs and it typically due to insecurities of the leader. * Sets Unclear Expectations – Failing to set clear expectations by the leader can frustrate followers and hinder their ability to be successful.A leader who doesn’t set clear expectations might not give all of the details related to a project or suddenly move the due date creating a moving target for followers. * Uses Intimidation – Leaders might intimidate or bully their followers. Workplace bullying has been an ongoing discussion within the realm of leadership. This type of behavior can decrease worker morale and ultimately could increase turnover. * Poor People Skills – People skills are vital to becoming a great leader, however leaders can be negative people who don’t know how to motivate others.In addition, leaders with poor people skills cannot consider any other opinions but their own. Looking at the characteristics described above, they are all contradictory to the transformational leadership theory putting value into the followers’ opinions and helping employees complete their tasks. Often times the followers have characteristics that enable the leader to remain in an adverse leadership role. However, these followers might not understand how to recognize a good leader from a bad leader. Some of the characteristics include; Low self-esteem, Unambitious, Low maturity, little or no core values, and disengaged. Low self-esteem – Followers with low self-esteem might not have the skills necessary to confront a bullying leader or one that uses intimidation. * Unambitious – These followers have little drive and consider their current situation to be the best they will ever do. Having a follower that isn’t ambitious would be easy for the transformational leader to motivate, due to their ability to engage them and make them part of something larger. * Low ma turity – Often times a follower with a bad leader can be young and immature, lacking both self-esteem and confidence.This makes it easier for the bad leader to intimidate and control the follower. * Little or no core values – The follower must have some kind of core values in order to be a successful leader. If they do not, then the leader can often times take advantage of this and exploit the followers weakness in order to remain in control. * Disengaged – The disengaged follower treats their current position as a job. They are also known as clock punchers, only there to collect a paycheck and are not worried about the company in any way.Although these characteristics are not desirable in a traditional leadership example, they make it easier for the adverse leader to thrive creating a chaotic environment for the workplace. As we further examine figure 1, we can see a direct line between the leader and follower, but no line back from the follower to the leader. This is because in the adverse leadership model, the leader is primarily a dictator and doesn’t allow for a healthy leader-member exchange. This could be due to insecurities by the leader and fear of being out performed.Moving outside of the leader and follower characteristics, we can examine the environment created by this type of leadership. High stress, alienation, and segregation are all felt by the follower due to the dyadic relationship between the leader and follower. High stress can lead to disruption of productivity amongst the team members and other health related issues. Creating a negative atmosphere can backfire because fear can cause stress, and in extreme situations, reductions in performance and efficiency (Riggio, 2009).Alienation and segregation by the leader can also create a feeling of betrayal within followers; this can also allow the members to form sub-groups that become further alienated from the remaining followers. Segregation amongst other team memb ers removes the cohesive bond that should be cultivated by the leader. Further studies by Liu et al. (2012), have revealed a direct correlation between bad leadership and follower creativity. The final portion of the adverse leadership model has to do with follower outcomes, depression and worthlessness.These outcomes are detrimental to the company’s success, due to health related issues from depression alone. Approximately 18. 8 million American adults, or about 9. 5 percent of the U. S. population age 18 and older in a given year, have a depressive disorder (depressionperception. com). This doesn’t include the other health related issues that could be a direct result of working in a stressful environment. In addition to being depressed, followers might feel worthless due to intimidating behavior by the leader. This could also come from bullying by other co-workers who choose to emulate the leader’s social cues.In conclusion, bad leaders can only breed more bad leaders and the only way to stop it is to file complaints with HR or stand up to the bad leader, identifying issues the followers would like to change to be productive and work in a stress free environment. References Leviticus, J. (2010), The top signs of poor leadership. Retrieved from: http://smallbusiness. chron. com/top-signs-poor-leadership-31537. html Liu, D. , Liao, H. , and Loi, R. (2012). The dark side of leadership: A three-level investigation of the cascading effect of abusive supervision on employee creativity.Academy of Management Journal, 55(5), 1187-1212. Padilla, A. , Hogan, R. and Kaiser, R. B. : 2007, The toxic triangle: destructive leaders, susceptible followers, and conducive environments, The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 176–194. Riggio, R. (2009), How to spot a bad leader. Retrieved from: http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/cutting-edge-leadership/200905/how-spot-bad-leader Adverse Leadership Model Figure 1: Adverse Leadership Model Figure 1: Adverse Le adership Model Environment: * High Stress * Alienation * Segregation Environment: * High Stress * Alienation * Segregation Follower Outcomes: . Depression 2. Worthlessness Follower Outcomes: 3. Depression 4. Worthlessness Follower Characteristics: 1. Low Self-Esteem 2. Unambitious 3. Low Maturity 4. Little or No Core Values 5. Disengaged Follower Characteristics: 6. Low Self-Esteem 7. Unambitious 8. Low Maturity 9. Little or No Core Values 10. Disengaged Leader Characteristics: 1. Poor Communicator 2. Micromanager 3. Sets Unclear Expectations 4. Uses Intimidation 5. Poor People Skills Leader Characteristics: 6. Poor Communicator 7. Micromanager 8. Sets Unclear Expectations 9. Uses Intimidation 10. Poor People Skills

The Fire Next Time James Baldwin, The White Problem in America - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1101 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/15 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Fire Next Time Essay Did you like this example? History, as nearly no one seems to know, is not merely something to be read. And it does not refer merely, or even principally, to the past. On the contrary, the great force of history comes from the fact that we carry it within us, are unconsciously controlled by it in many ways, and history is literally present in all that we do. It could scarcely be otherwise, since it is to history that we owe our frames of reference, our identities, and our aspirations. James Baldwin, The White Problem in America (1966) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Fire Next Time: James Baldwin, The White Problem in America" essay for you Create order James Baldwins quote extends into many different aspects of our lives, beyond the literary works Salvage the Bones and Baldwins own The Fire Next time. It describes the powerful and at times uncontrollable nature of history. We cannot always be in control of what the world throws at us. Like a torrent of water, we are often swept away by the current. Within the book Salvage the Bones we see many characters each one filled with reference an allegory. Yet I feel that the Water is one of the most important characters. As within James Baldwins quote the great force of history comes from the fact that we carry it within us, water has always been linked to the history of African Americans. Since their first ancestors were sailed across the ocean to the new world. Rivers like the Mississippi River within literature always shown as one of the greatest barriers to those trying to escape slavery and flee north. Water has been a enemy to African Americans as well as a symbol for the word sweeping them along its current.The water is the embodiment of chaos, and its effects can be seen throughout the novel and touching all of the characters within it. Water is a powerful and all encompassing force. All things can be worn down or swept away by its presence. In the beginning we learn that Junior fears water, going so far as to avoid taking a bath. Water is seen as a strange and dangerous substance by the children. The looming threat of Katrina brings the threat of more water soon to come. Later on within the novel we see Esch attempt to engage in sex with Manny while they were swimming in the red lake behind their house. Manny rejects her and explains that their relationship is only sexual. It is this moment that Esch comes to the full realization that Manny holds no romantic feelings for her. Randall warns Skeetah about the water moccasins that lurked beneath the waters surface. The waters red coloration obscuring the dangers beneath the waters surface, its crimson color like blood. Esch also sees the water in her pregnant belly liken to the waters sailed by Jason and Medea, who met tragic fates. When the hurricane finally hits, it is not the wind that presents the greatest danger, but the water. Throughout the novel, the father Daddy i s obsessed with boarding up the home. Protecting his family from wind and flying debris. This is a allegory for preparing for the chaos of the world yet in the end we can do nothing to stop it. I find that this importance of water is mirrored within the history of the United States and African Americans. The implication is that water has swept African Americans along throughout history. The Africans that were placed upon boats and sailed away to the new world were helpless to stop it. The great ocean separating them from their mother continent impossible to cross. Their suffering could not be controlled no matter what means they tried to employ to mitigate the chaos that swirled around them. The water claims the life of China and the puppies. Even faced with the rising waters Daddy when he learns of his pregnant 15 year old daughter cannot help but try to push her off into the water itself. This act while physically violent also symbolizes him pushing her from the safety of their family into the swirling currents of life. It is also this threat of chaos that brings the entire family together. After escaping the flood, all are brought closer together because they had survive d the ordeal. I find many parallels to modern and past African American history. Despite the ever present danger of being swept away, the African American family is all encompassingly important to survive. As was seen in the Antebellum south, extended family units allowed slaves to cope with a ever changing and uncontrollable landscape. Within James Baldwins The Fire Next Time we see a similar theme as in Salvage the Bones. James Baldwin attacks the American Dream, referring to it as the American Nightmare. The American dream is a harmful construct, designed to placate the masses. The promise that anyone can rise up despite their circumstances. The American Dream is considered an integral part of the culture of the United States. The Declaration that all men are created equal with the inalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Baldwin contends that the American dream is only that, a dream. A dream that can be just as harmful as the water within Salvage the Bones, sweeping away reason and leaving one a slave to an impossible ideal. All Americans, regardless of race are living unhappy lives, deluded by the belief of American superiority. He believes that African Americans have a distinct advantage to whites as they understand the true nature of America, having experienced its darkest side. Baldw in is optimistic that despite the difficulties, it is possible for America to uphold the principles set down within the Declaration of Independence. In order to do this both blacks and whites need to acknowledge and love each other to move forwards. Within these two literary works we see a force that is set to sweep away the characters within it. In Salvage the Bones, it is the water, in The Fire Next time, Baldwin characterizes the American Dream. Histories weight upon our shoulders is marked by moments that we cannot control. Yet both Baldwin and Ward have a central theme of community and working together to survive the struggles of history. It is community and coming together in the face of adversity that is the most important thing. Baldwin states these innocent people have no other hope. They are, in effect, still trapped in a history which they do not understand; and until they understand it, they cannot be released from it. It is working together against the torrential flow of history that will allow freedom and justice to reign within America.

The Story of My Life by Helen Keller Essay - 643 Words

The Story of My Life by Helen Keller Inspiration The potency and inspiration of the less-than fortunate never ceases to amaze me. Against physical conditions that would enslave even the strongest of women, Helen Keller challenged her multiple disabilities and became an educated young women in spite of them. Blind and deaf at two, Helen Kellers story of bravery and fortitude and her remarkable relationship with her beloved teacher Ann Sullivan, is a delicate lesson in the ability of the extraordinary few to triumph over adversity. As a young girl, Keller was powerless to express herself. Until at the age of 7, an event happened that she declares, the most important day I remember in all my life. The event she describes is†¦show more content†¦I was able to formulate a time line using the textbook and had Helen been born fifty years earlier then she was, she wouldnt have benefited from the revolutionary techniques that taught her reading (several languages), writing, and eventually to speak. The Braille Literary code, the same code Helen so rigorously manipulated in her literary explorations, was only fully perfected in 1834. Perkins School for the Blind, erected in 1832, was highly acclaimed for its accomplishment in Helen Kellers instance specifically. It was one of the first of such institutions in the United States. Some of the earliest schools modeled their educational programs after public schools. But as the textbook points out in both the visually and hearing disabled chapters, education of t he blind or deaf is highly specialized to their specific needs. In 1890 Keller learned to speak after only one month of study. Ten years later, she was able to enter Radcliffe College, from which she graduated with honors in 1904. A remarkable deed considering that only twenty-four years prior to her graduation she had absolutely no outlet for communication. I feel it my duty to point out that without a Anne Sullivan in Helens life many of her accomplishments wouldnt have been possible. Only a loving, caring soul, such as Anne Sullivan could have fostered the astounding growth and perseverance in her finest pupil. The valuable lesson to be gained inShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of My Life By Helen Keller1225 Words   |  5 PagesPsych 2301 7/26/2017 Book Report The Story of My Life by Helen Keller Main Characters Helen Keller Arthur H. Keller-Father Kate Adams-Mother Anne Mansfield Sullivan-Teacher Mildred-sister Mr.Anagnos-Pricipal Setting/Time 1880-1889 Alabama Boston Baltimore Main theme The theme to Helen Keller is education, and knowledge and accomplishment Summary Helen was born June 27,1880 in Tuscumbia, Alabama. Helen had lived a normal life till the age of 19 months. Helen had gotten very ill which the doctorsRead MoreThe Story of My Life1693 Words   |  7 PagesForm and Content The Story of My Life is an account of the early years of a woman who overcame incredible problems to become an accomplished, literate adult. The book does not give a complete account of the author’s life, as it was written when she was still a college student. It is, however, a unique account of one young woman’s passage from almost total despair to success in a world mostly populated by hearing and seeing people. This book is relatively short, but the modern editions also includeRead More Helen Keller Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesHelen Keller Helen Keller was an American author who lived to educate and inspire others to become the most unique author of her time. She was a gifted woman who had exceptional writing abilities. She utilized simplistic style to correspond with all varieties of people. She wrote to inspire people and to help disabled people achieve their goals. Her writing style was full of many types of diction, syntactic devices, and patterns of imagery to exemplify her life chronicle. Keller used anRead MoreReasons to Admire Helen Keller683 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Helen Keller The individual I have chosen for this paper is Helen Keller. The reason behind my selection is simple. I admire Helen Keller because she was a unique lady who despite her disability i.e. blindness, rose above those who had the blessing of sight. She was, without a doubt, an exceptional individual who helped others to help themselves. She was a blessing for people around her and gave people at a disadvantage the chance for working towards acquiring prosperity and inner satisfactionRead MoreThe Language Came Into My Life1061 Words   |  5 PagesOct23, 2015:â€Æ' â€Å"The Language Came into My Life† is an autobiography of the Hellen Keller- a woman who lost her hearing ability and vision when she was an 18 months old baby. The loss of the two very important senses pushed her into a very critical situation where she had a very limited interaction and understanding of the world. She had a very small world based on her own perception, where she had her parents, siblings and some other things, but she was unable to have a name for the things she couldRead MoreMiddle Childhood Phase Of My Life875 Words   |  4 PagesMiddle Childhood Phase As Helen got older, her life obstacles she surpassed were being noticed by others and started to inspire others. She has reached that stage in life where she wanted to be more independent. At this age she started to write in her own and really just started to write papers. The first paper was assumed to be plagiarized. I have to say that this young lady fulfilled some big shoes shoes that I don t know if I could have filled. The middle childhood stages last forRead MoreEssay Helen Keller: Author, Lecturer, Political Activist1049 Words   |  5 PagesHelen Keller is one of the most inspirational people in American history. She had to overcome physical disabilities and many other obstacles to live the life that she did. Keller was born on June 27, 1880 in Tuscumbia, Alabama. Her parents, Arthur Keller and Kate Adams, both served for the Confederates in the Civil War (Thompson, 2003). Like most parents, they were ecstatic when Keller was born. At 18 months old, she wa s a happy, healthy baby already learning to say her first few words. HoweverRead More Helen Keller Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesHelen Keller Imagine a life without being able to see or hear and not knowing how to communicate with anyone around you. That world of darkness is what Helen Keller lived in for six years. Helen Keller has been an inspiration to people ever since she turned six. From 1886-1960, she proved herself to be a creative and inspiring woman of America. She was a writer and lecturer who fought for the rights of disadvantaged people all over the world. Most importantly, she overcame her two mostRead MoreAnalysis Of Helen Keller s The Miracle Worker 1598 Words   |  7 Pages The story of Helen Keller is a well-established paradigm in psychology, having inspired shifts in attitudes toward deafblind and their education. Her narrative is extremely well documented, having been explored in numerous works written by Keller herself (including her famous biography: The Story of My Life), as well as other psychologists and researchers. The story of the people surrounding Keller, however, is less pervasive i n American culture. It is this narrative that William Gibson aims toRead MoreHelen Keller Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesHelen Keller is has changed the hearing, the deaf, and the blind culture. She inspired so many people to push beyond their limits and showed that, even the girl everyone called ‘dumb’ can be more than that. Keller was born in Tuscumbia, Alabama in a small town on the Ivy Green Estate. On July 27th 1880, she was a perfectly normal baby, she could hear, and see. Until she was 19 months old she became very sick with a terrible she lost her hearing and her sight. She was called a ‘wild child’ because

Applying Dependency Structure Matrix and Monte Carlo...

APPLYING DEPENDENCY STRUCTURE MATRIX AND MONTE CARLO SIMULATION TO PREDICT CHANGE IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT ZHEN-YU ZHAO, QIAN-LEI LV, WEI-YANG YOU School of Business Administration, North China Electric Power Univ., Beijing 102206,China E-MAIL: zhaozhenyuxm@263.net, seawolf47@163.com, ywy132639@163.com Abstract: Change management is an important aspect in construction project management, as changes constitute the main cause of schedule delay, cost overrun and other distributions. Many change management systems has been developed to minimize the impacts of change or facilitate changes management. However, change should be predicted as early as possible, and the problems can be identified and beneficial modification can be made as†¦show more content†¦However, project lever change prediction is not enough for pre-management of changes, detailed information such as change probability and change scope is needed. In this paper, the causes of change in construction project are analyzed in the form of information flow, by using a matrix based methodology. And then, an activity lever change prediction system is designed to simulate the process, during which change happens, to generate activity lever information about changes may happened in construction process. 1.2. Research methodology The one way to predict changes during Construction Process (CP) is to understand their cause and the process during which change happens, and then use efficient method to simulate this process. In this paper, the cause of change will be analyzed in the form of information flow, and then a method which can graphically represent the information flow in complex system called Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) is used to represent and analyze the information flow graphically. In addition, rework scope is used to evaluate the effect of the information in the form of rework scope. Thus, the process during which change happens can be simulated by simulating the rework scope s variety. Additionally, Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) is integrated in the system to enableShow MoreRelatedPmp Exam Preparation Questions32679 Words   |  131 Pagesanalysis, and quality audits are all Perform Quality assurance tools. Ishikawa diagram illustrates how various factors might be linked to potential problems or effects. As part of the project s quality assurance efforts, your audit team is using these tools in your software development project. Which stage of the project management life cycle are you in? A Planning process group B Executing process group C Monitoring and controlling process group D Closing process group 2 Which one of theRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCross Reference of Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Concepts to Text Topics Chapter 1 Modern Project Management Chapter 8 Scheduling resources and cost 1.2 Project defined 1.3 Project management defined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 ResourceRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 Pagesquality control and improvement. It provides comprehensive coverage of the subject from basic principles to state-of-the-art concepts and applications. The objective is to give the reader a sound understanding of the principles and the basis for applying them in a variety of situations. Although statistical techniques are emphasized throughout, the book has a strong engineering and management orientation. Extensive knowledge of statistics is not a prerequisite for using this book. Readers whose backgroundRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages. 36 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3—Change—The Innovative Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Factors Promoting Change . . . . . . . Empowerment—An Agent of Change Paradigm Shift—Myth or Reality . . . Organizing for Change . . . . . . . . . . . Diagnosing Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . Libraries as Open Systems . . . . . . . Resistance to Change . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Detrimental Effects of Teenage in the Philippines Free Essays

Maderazo, Shelah Abigail S. A42 ORT: Detrimental Effects of Teenage in the Philippines Teenage pregnancy is one of the major problems in the whole world. Like in other countries, Philippines also suffer this kind of problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Detrimental Effects of Teenage in the Philippines or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to survey, teenagers from 15-24 years old are suffering teenage pregnancy. Here in the Philippines, 16. 5 million teenagers suffer unwanted pregnancy. Because of this problem according to statistics, every year at least 64,000 teenagers have abortions because of the unwanted pregnancy that they are experiencing. Also according to Statistics, 20 to 25% of mothers are in their teenage years. There are so many factors why teenagers are suffering from early pregnancy. One of them is premarital sex. Premarital sex is an intercourse between young couples or primarily sex before marriage. Secondly, is the effect of mass media in the lives of the youth. Every day they are bombarded with premarital sex through television, movies, billboards with naked models, indecent magazines, etc. Thirdly, is wrong concept of â€Å"love†. For them love is the main base for relationship. This is the reason why many teenagers do this to show and prove their love to their mates. Girls are more affected with this practice because they move and act according to their emotion. Many times, girls do this out of pressure of their boyfriends to show and prove their love to them. Another factor according to studies is peer pressure. Friends are very important to teenagers. They value friendship so much. They want to fit in to their group of friends. Teenagers suffer on wrong concept of virginity. You are not in if you have no experience on sex. Virginity for them is thing of the past. Another factor is lack of sex education from parents, from the church and the school. This is the result of our thinking from the past that sex is dirty and immoral. Lastly is curiosity. Because they are curious, they get involved in it without their parents consent and sometimes lead to multiple sex experience. There are many detrimental effects of premarital sex in the lives of teenagers One of them is that teenagers will not finish their studies. Instead of attending schools, they are busy taking care of their babies. Secondly, young experience of pregnancy is dangerous for their health. Young pregnancy will lead to many illness and complications among women. Young women that aborted the baby, according to studies are very harmful to our body. Once you experience abortion, there are chances that you will have a hard time on your pregnancy. The hold of the baby in your womb will be weak this can turn to miscarriage. The worst consequence of premarital sex is you might get harmful and deadly diseases such as AIDS and HIV virus that eventually lead to early death. Thirdly, many lives and families suffer because teenagers who became pregnant at young age usually lack of experience on how to raise their own family. Later, what they did, will also do of their children. This is the main reason why there are so many broken and dysfunctional families of today. Lastly and the worst of all, teen pregnancy will lead to abortion. I say, it is the worst consequence, because abortion is killing lives. One popular case nowadays that we always see and hear in the news is about fetuses are left in churches, in the street, in the garbage and recently in airplane. Teenagers commit abortion, because, they are ashamed what other people will think of them. Many times, they are afraid to their parents. Seeing all the detrimental effects of teen pregnancy, teenagers should flee from this act. Teenagers should and must avoid premarital sex. Teenagers should think first of their future and the consequence they will face when they will indulge with it. Our government should tackle this sensitive issue with much planning and studying. They should think of ways to prevent teenage pregnancy and even abortion. I do believe sex education should be included in the school curriculum to teach students about premarital sex, teenage pregnancy and its consequences. To conclude, teen pregnancy usually ruins the lives of many teenagers. Most of them become delinquent, involve to crimes, killing, become liabilities to society, and sometimes lead to early death. We know that mostly the end- result of teenage pregnancy is abortion. Abortion is immoral and illegal here in the Philippines. Since we a Christian country, committing premarital sex is committing mortal sin. How to cite Detrimental Effects of Teenage in the Philippines, Papers

Department of Chemistry Forensic Science

Question: Discuss, with examples, how the outcomes of past appeal cases involving the use of expert witnesses might affect the use of expert testimony in the future?Consider: The role of the expert witness High profile appeal cases Regulatory bodies for expert witnesses Current standpoint on expert witnesses Future considerations / impact on forensic science Answer: Introduction The present study has been done with a view to analyse and discuss the consequences of past appeal cases that involved utilisation of expert witness and their impacts on the utilisation of expert testimony in the context of forensic science and in general as well. In the process of analysis, a step by step approach has been adopted discussing roles and responsibilities of expert witness, the impacts of high profile appeal cases, regulatory bodies in context to expert witness, current stance on expert witness, future considerations and impact of the same on forensic science. In the conclusion section, the major inferences obtained out of the discussions have been stated especially in context to the impacts of past appeal cases on use of expert testimony. Discussion The role of expert witness An expert can be defined as somebody with learning or experience of a specific field the magnitude of which is more than that of a layman. An expert witness is an expert who makes this information and experience accessible to a court to help it comprehend the issues of a case and accordingly achieve a just and sound choice. Daly (1999) condensed the roles and obligations of experts in the Ikarian Reefer 1993 2 LILR 68, 81-82. This says that expert proof exhibited to the court ought to be, and ought to be seen to be, the autonomous result of the expert uninfluenced as to structure or substance by the exigencies of prosecution. Moreover, an expert witness ought to give autonomous aid to the court through target impartial assessment in connection to matters inside his or her expertise. An expert witness ought to make it clear when a specific question or issue falls outside his or her expertise. Furthermore, an expert witness ought to express the realities or presumptions whereupon his or her supposition is based (Hobbs, 1992). He or she ought not to exclude to consider material truths which could degrade his finished up conclusion. On the off chance that an expert's conclusion is not appropriately examined on the grounds that he or she considers that lacking information is accessible, then this must be expressed with a sign that the feeling is close to a temporary one. On the off chance that the expert is not able to declare that the report contains reality, every bit of relevant information and only reality without some qualification, that qualification ought not to be mentioned in the report. In the event that, after report exchange, an expert witness alters his or her perspective on a material matter having perused the other side's expert's report, or for some other reason, such change of perspective ought to be conveyed to the next side as soon as possible and to the court (Hobbs, 1992). Where expert testimony alludes to photos, plans, computations, investigations, estimations, review reports, or other comparable records, they must be given to the inverse party in the meantime the reports are exchanged A later case further cleared up the roles and responsibilities of the expert witness (Toulmin HHJ in Anglo Group plc v Winther Brown Co. Ltd.2000). This states that an expert witness ought to at all the stages in the system, on the premise of the testimony as he or she comprehends it, give autonomous aid to the court and the gatherings by method for fair-minded supposition in connection to matters inside his or her expertise. This is applicable both for primary expert meetings and testimony at trial. The expert witness ought not give proof or sentiments in respect to what the expert himself would have done in comparative circumstances or overall try to usurp the part of the judge. In addition to this, the expert's proof ought to typically be bound to specialized matters on which the court will be aided by getting a clarification, or to testimony of regular expert practice. He or she ought to co-work with the expert of the other party or in endeavouring to tight the specialized issue s in debate at the soonest conceivable phase of the methodology and to dispose of or place in connection any fringe issues (Gudjonsson, 2003). The expert testimony introduced to the court ought to be, and be seen to be, the autonomous result of the expert uninfluenced as to structure or substance by the exigencies of the suit (Horne and Mullen, 2008). He or she ought to co-work with alternate experts in going to without preference gatherings as essential and in trying to discover regions of understanding and to characterize definitely areas of difference to be set out in the joint articulation of experts requested by the court. An expert witness ought to express the actualities or suppositions whereupon his or her conclusion is based. He ought not to preclude to consider material realities which could degrade his closed feeling. Where an expert is of the assessment that his decisions are taking into account insufficient real data he ought to say as much expressly. An expert witness ought to make it clear when a specific question or issue falls outside his expertise. An expert ought to be prepared to re-evaluate his feeling, and if suitable, to alter his opinion when he has gotten new data or has considered the sentiment of the other expert. He ought to do as such at the most punctual open door (Blau, 2000). High profile appeal cases As a discipline, forensic science was once considered effective and trustworthy. However, high profile appeal cases in the instances of the Maguire family and the Birmingham Six disparaged the criminological work included and cultivated doubt in the discipline. In any case, the greatest risk to the utilization of forensic science in the courts of UK is not doubt. The primary risk occurred when the Home Office Forensic Science Service (FSS) turned into an officially executive agency held at a manageable distance from government until it has the capacity ended up becoming self-supportive (Blom-Cooper et al., 2007). The office was given strict budgetary focuses for its work and from that time, its researchers have needed to charge the police for everything sent in for investigation. As investigative departments try to cut the expense of investigations and hence they have felt obligated to confine the help they look for from forensic groups. Some are hesitant even to call a researcher to the crime scene, where key choices are made in collecting evidences and selecting things for testing that is helpful in investigating a crime. Currently police officers are doing these sort of activities as forensic scientists are charging high. Many scientists have started leaving the Home Office to set up free forensic organizations gaining practical experience in defence work. They need to spend so much time focusing on the monetary side of things and meeting their day by day quantity. These scientists are not persuaded that the business strengths methodology is the right approach to mastermind the financing of something as key to the police. The Home Office demands that the FSS earns back the original investment not long from now. In any case the ex-researchers expect that no less than one of its six research centres may need to close. The option is to set up charges for the police, or convince them to utilize criminological expertise all the more frequently. Many scientists believe that exceptionally disturbing stuffs have started to happen and the impacts are gradually witness able. These scientists expect that police strengths are turning to sub-standard research facilities to spare cash. Such places undercut costs, yet can just do as such in light of the fact that they are taking shortcuts on tests. According to these researchers, forensic science can be an enormously influential apparatus if utilised carefully. One key reason for concern is the absence of consistency in the preparation of youthful measurable researchers, for whom there is no formal accreditation framework. Recently, the requirement for an autonomous measurable science consultative gathering to administer gauges was a key suggestion of the Royal Commission on Criminal Justice. Anyhow the Government has yet to react and for the present, pretty much anyone can set up as a scientific examiner. Another reason is that earning forensic researchers have two primary courses by which they can make entry in to the arena. After a first science-based degree, they can apply to the Metropolitan Police, which has its own inward preparing plan, or immediate to one of the Home Office research centres. On the other hand, they can take the expert degree course on offer at Strathclyde University, which is distant from everyone else in Britain in offering a college class with the expression "Forensic" in its title. It is likewise one of just two that run postgraduate courses, the other being King's College, London. These researchers are of the view that the UK government should make a national measurable science establishment to help to restore the believability and certainty of the forensic science discipline. Regulatory bodies of expert witness Federal Rules The Federal courts by Article VII of the Federal Rules of Evidence is engaged in governing utilisation of experts as well as opinion testimony (PhlogaiteÃÅ'„s, Zwart and Fraser, 2013). Tenet 702 states that in the event that investigative, specialized or other particular learning aid the trier of reality to comprehend the proof or to focus a reality in issue, a witness qualified as an expert or expert by information, aptitude, experience, preparing, or training, may affirm thereto as a conclusion . The report advisory group notes clarify that the principle permits experts to make the further stride of recommending the surmising which ought to be drawn from applying the specific information to the certainties (Malone and Zwier, 2006).These recommendations are made by the master as assessments. One noteworthy impact of the Federal Rules was to annul the prohibition on supposition affirmation setting off to an extreme issue. Principle 704 gives; (an) Except as gave in subdivision (b), affirmation as a supposition or induction generally permissible is not questionable in light of the fact that it grasps an extreme issue to be chosen by the trier of reality. The warning council notes stretch that the topic of suitability ought to concentrate on the supportiveness of the testimony and not its structure. The notes go ahead to bring up that other rules take into consideration rejection of testimony which squanders time. These different rules give sufficient testimony against the testimony of suppositions which would just tell the jury what consequence to reach. It is dependent upon the trial judge to adjust the value of the master's testimony with the potential for bias or exercise in futility (Pyrek, 2007). Legal Experts The customary regular law principle against testimony on legal issues has been dissolved by the establishment of the Federal Rules. Before, it was assumed that the judge has every bit of idea about law, and along these lines had no requirement for master testimony on legal matters (Winfield, 2003). The Federal Rules make no such refinement, and rather give that the judge may concede any testimony which will support the trier of actuality in settling on a choice. What's more, the abrogation of "a definitive issue" control by F.R.E. 704, opens the entryway for experts to state sentiments on extreme issues, regardless of the fact that such sentiments require legal conclusions. Before, the main special case to the principle against legal affirmation, was the remittance for an expert to affirm where issues of outside law were concerned (Daly, 1999). This was allowed, in light of the fact that the assumption that the judge was mindful of such law was seen to be unmistakably inapplicable. With the multiplication of cutting edge statutory law, and an ever expanding number of legal choices on the books, the assumption that the judge is totally acquainted with all parts of U.S. law, particularly the more perplexing and dark ranges of practice, is itself being disintegrated. With the centre of the Federal. Rules on support as the real criteria, courts appear to be all the more ready to concede testimony from experts on what are in fact legal issues. Current standpoint of expert witness The immense greater part of common cases are settled out of the court, and with a large portion of them, the role play of an expert do not more distant than exploring the circumstances and giving the associated solicitor an interval report or appraisal of the specialized quality of the customer's case. This basically bulletin part is massively amplified on the off chance that it ought to be chosen to move ahead to trial (Wall, 2009). If this is the case, the expert is expected to provide advice on the specialized substance of appeals for further particulars or the reactions to such demands, the specialized matters showed in the announcement of case and the specialized hugeness of archives revealed by the contradicting side and in addition to create his own report for utilization in court. Besides this, after exchange of reports, the expert is requested for an evaluation of the report arranged by the expert for the restricting side. He or she might likewise be obliged to go to meetings of experts with a perspective to narrowing issues still in question. Amid the case hearing, the expert not only just need to face interrogation all alone confirmation, however be available to prompt direction about shortcomings to be examined in that of the restricting side's expert (Embar-Seddon and Pass, 2009). At long last, the expert may be obliged to give further specialized backing ought to the case go to advance. Hence, it is apparent that an expert can have a few different parts to play in prosecution, that these parts will cover in time and that they may stretch out over the term of a case, from beginning to request (Shelton, 2011). Being an expert witness is not only an instance of composing reports it can include much more. Future impacts of expert witness on forensic science In the near future the major emphasis of experimental and legal professionals will be to guarantee that the individuals who give expert proof to the courts have integrity, quality and trustworthiness. To allude to the NAS report at the end of the day, it placed that the antagonistic methodology is not ideally equipped to the assignment of finding investigative truth and judges and legal advisors, comprehensively talking, need exploratory expertise so need to depend on experts. For all extensions of the legal calling, it is imperative that those experts who are dependent upon in court, meet the most astounding gauges. Thus, it can be stated that there is an immense requirement to keep on depending on experts whose proof is tried by investigation. The Council for Registration of Forensic Practitioners (CRFP) have decided to undertake these investigations in future giving the court a solitary perspective for the ability of legal experts (Wiese and Betts, 2010). The system had drawbacks, on the other hand, encompassing its intentional enlistment system and the avoidance of those certify through other channels. After the council has been shut down, the Forensic Science Society has looked to fill a piece of the hole by obtaining Royal Charter status and is presenting an arrangement of accreditation to set uniform models for individuals gaining contracted status. Irrespective of the course witness accreditation adopts, a court is reliant on the respectability of expert witnesses. In the event that there is any absence of respectability courts needs to take appropriate and stringent steps. Conclusion From the discussions done in the above section, it is clear that the roles and responsibilities of an expert witness are many and he or she is obliged to carry on with the roles and responsibilities in an effective and efficient manner and under legal bindings. Moreover, in context to forensic science, it has been found out that use of forensic science in courts is facing troublesome consequences because police now has the tendency to do most of the tests by itself to reduce the costs incurred in paying fees to forensic experts, the fees for whom has been increased by the new rules and regulations imposed by FSS after it has become the executive agency. Under such circumstances, the tests are losing efficiency and trustworthiness thereby adversely affecting the legal system of the nation. Presently there is no doubt in the fact that both expert witness and expert testimony are important aspects that UK courts have to rely upon and hence, major emphasis is being given on systems that are capable of ensuring that expert witnesses possess quality, integrity and trustworthiness. Taking in to consideration these facts, the federal courts have stated in Article VII of the federal rules of evidence that experts are allowed to testify their conclusions with regard to a case provided that the their assessments are scientifically efficient. In the process of making inferences, the experts are allowed to bank on the same type of evidence that people usually bank on in their professions no matter whether or not those evidences are inadmissible in the court. References Blau, T. (2000). The psychologist as expert witness. New York: Wiley. Blom-Cooper, L., Blake, C., Arnull, A., Barnard, C., Dougan, M. and Spaventa, E. (2007). The Court of Appeal. Hart Publishing. Daly, B. (1999). The role of the expert witness. Dublin: Inns Quay. Dorram, P. (1982). The expert witness. Washington, D.C.: Planners Press. Embar-Seddon, A. and Pass, A. (2009). Forensic science. Pasadena, Calif.: Salem Press. Gudjonsson, G. (2003). The psychology of interrogations and confessions. Chichester, West Sussex, England: Wiley. Hobbs, I. (1992). Role of the Expert Witness. Accountancy Books. Horne, R. and Mullen, J. (2008). The expert witness in construction. Malone, D. and Zwier, P. (2006). Effective expert testimony. [South Bend, IN]: National Institute for Trial Adocacy. PhlogaiteÃÅ'„s, S., Zwart, T. and Fraser, J. (2013). The European Court of Human Rights and its discontents. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub. Ltd. Pyrek, K. (2007). Forensic science under siege. Amsterdam: Elsevier / Academic Press. Shelton, D. (2011). Forensic science in court. Lanham, Md.: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Wall, W. (2009). Forensic science in court. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. Wiese, C. and Betts, P. (2010). Years of persecution, years of extermination. London: Continuum. Winfield, R. (2003). The Expert medical witness. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press. Wrightsman, L. (1987). Psychology and the legal system. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole.